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Motivation and Emotion > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which broad region of the brain evolved first?

A

Subcortical region

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2
Q

Explain bidirectional control
Label the explanations

A

Subcortical activations send excitatory and inhibitory info to the cortical brain (bottom-up)
Cortical activations send excitatory and inhibitory info to the subcortical brain

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3
Q

How does the cortical brain look in terms of appearance?

A

Bulging, grooved, wrinkled surface

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4
Q

At what level does the cortical brain function?

A

Conscious, intentional, and purposive level

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5
Q

What kinds of motivations is the cortical brain associated with? Examples?

A

Cognitively-rich motivations
Goals, plans, strategies, values, and beliefs about the self

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6
Q

What kinds of activities does the cortical brain engage in?

A

Self-control, resisting temptation, decision-making, assessing risk, self-regulation

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7
Q

Subcortical brain structurally

A

Small nuclei that make up the anatomic core of the brain

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8
Q

What is the subcortical brain associated with?
Examples?

A

Basic urges and emotion-rich motivations
Hunger, thirst, anger, fear, anxiety, pleasure, desire, reward, and warning

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9
Q

Bi-directional communications
Examples

A

Almost all individual brain structures project out nerve fibres that act as info superhighways to communicate reciprocally with other brain structures
Affective subcortical brain and cognitive cortical brain are two interacting systems that are often in competition and conflict with one another (e.g., decision-making, delay of gratification, short-term vs. long-term goals)

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10
Q

7 key brain regions in motivation

A

PFC
Anterior cingulate cortex
OFC
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Reticular formation

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11
Q

What 3 structures are part of the basal ganglia?

A

Global pallidus
Caudate nucleus and putamen
Substantia nigra

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12
Q

Name 6 subcortical structures

A

Reticular formation
Amygdala
Basal ganglia
Ventral tegmental area
Striatum and nucleus accumbens
Hypothalamus

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13
Q

Associated motivational or emotional experience with reticular formation

A

Arousal, alertness, wakefulness

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14
Q

Associated motivational or emotional experience with amygdala

A

Detects, learns about, and responds to the stimulus properties of environmental objects, including threat-eliciting and reward-eliciting associations

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15
Q

Where does the amygdala send signals?

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

Associated motivational or emotional experience with basal ganglia

A

Motivational modulation of movement and action

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17
Q

What 2 subcortical structures are involved in the DA pathway?

A

Ventral tegmental area
Striatum & nucleus accumbens

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18
Q

Associated motivational or emotional experience with ventral tegmental area

A

Starting point in the brain’s DA-based reward centre
Manufactures and releases DA

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19
Q

Associated motivational or emotional experience with striatum & nucleus accumbens

A

Brain’s reward centre
Responds to signals of reward (DA release) to produce pleasure, wanting, liking, and approach

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20
Q

Associated motivational or emotional experience with hypothalamus

A

Responsive to natural rewards in the regulation of eating, drinking, mating
Regulates both the endocrine system and the ANS

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21
Q

What does the amygdala detect?

A

Presence vs. absence of reward
Value or quality of the available reward
Predictability of the reward
Costs associated with trying to obtain the potential reward

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22
Q

Use a real-world example to explain the responsiveness of the amygdala to the rewarding properties of environmental events

A

If there is an attractive, emotionally-charged stimulus in the environment, the amygdala will detect it, evaluate it, and respond to it (e.g., I see a cup of orange juice. It is sweet; it is a cool and refreshing temperature)

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23
Q

Insula

A

Represents bodily-based feelings

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24
Q

How does the dopamine-based reward system work?

A

DA-based reward circuit begins in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) where DA is manufactured and then released to the nucleus accumbens (NA)
From the NA, the reward centre extends into the PFC, which is involved in the subjective experience of pleasure, and into the OFC, which stores the object’s teamed reward value

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25
When is DA release greatest?
When rewarding events occur in ways that are unpredicted or under-repdicted A very attractive - but highly expected - stimulus does not produce much DA release
26
What does DA release occur more with? Why?
Anticipation of reward than it does for the actual receipt of reward Because DA release facilitates learning and approaching, not necessarily consuming
27
As wanting increases, liking
Decreases
28
Emotion-related benefits and costs of behavioural escape strategies from negative feelings
Pros: Mild short-term boost in positive affect that indirectly alleviates negative feelings Cons: Reduces long-term capacity for positive affect, because fewer face-to-face interactions
29
DA release and incentives
Incentives (stimuli that foreshadow the imminent delivery of rewards) triggers DA release
30
DA release and reward
DA release teaches us which events in the environments are rewarding
31
DA and motivated action
DA release activates voluntary goal-directed approach responses
32
DA and addictions
Addictive drugs are potent reinforcers because their repeated usage produces hypersensitivity to DA stimulation (i.e., cravings)
33
True or false? Emotions strengthen explicit memories
True
34
Motivation and memory Example
Motivation often depends on memory Emotionally charged events are remembered better Memory of emotional events shapes future goal-setting Emotionally salient events drive behaviour The joy of achieving a goal motivates persistence
35
The role of amygdala in emotion and memory
Amygdala is key to processing emotional experiences Enhances memory encoding for emotionally salient events Works with the hippocampus to store vivid emotional memories Stronger memories of emotional events influence future decisions
36
How to apply the role of amygdala in emotion and memory to real life
Use emotionally engaging goals to boost motivation Positive emotions reinforce effort and persistence Emotional memory can guide adaptive decision-making (e.g., remembering praise from a teacher drives academic success)
37
Flashbulb memories
Rapidly formed under conditions of extreme emotions Vivid and long-lasting
38
What characterizes flashbulb memories?
Confidence, not consistency Consistency for both flashbulb and everyday memories declines Despite this, ratings of vividness, recollection, belief in accuracy remains high for flashbulb memories
39
6 structures of cortical brain
Insula PFC OFC Ventromedial PFC Dorsolateral PFC Anterior cingulate cortex
40
Associated motivational or emotional experience with insula
Monitors bodily states to produce gut-felt feelings Processes feelings associated with empathy, intrinsic motivation, risk, uncertainty, pain, and personal agency
41
Associated motivational or emotional experience with PFC
Makes plans, sets goals, formulates intentions Right hemispheric activity is associated with negative affect and "no go" avoidance motivation; left hemispheric activity is associated with positive affect and "go" approach motivation
42
Associated motivational or emotional experience with OFC
Evaluates and stores reward-related value of environmental objects and events to formulate preferences and make choices between options
43
Associated motivational or emotional experience with ventromedial PFC
Evaluates and stores the unlearned emotional value of environmental events and internal body states Responsible for emotional control
44
Associated motivational or emotional experience with dorsolateral PFC
Evaluates and stores the learned emotional value of environmental events and possible courses of action Responsible for control over urges and evaluates risk during the pursuit of long-term goals
45
Associated motivational or emotional experience with anterior cingulate cortex
Monitors motivational conflicts Resolves conflicts by recruiting other cortical brain structures for executive (cognitive) control over basic urges and emotions
46
Where is the insular cortex located?
Lies deep in the brain between the cortical and subcortical areas
47
Posterior insula
Receives internal bodily info from subcortical areas
48
Anterior insula
Integrates and processes bodily info received by posterior insula
49
Left insula
Associated with processing of positive emotions (pleasure, satisfaction, etc.)
50
Right insula
Associated with processing of negative emotions (pain, disgust, etc.)
51
What does insula contribute to?
Subjective experience of emotions and bodily state "Gut feelings" and risk Sense of self Empathy
52
What makes a serial killer?
Important for empathy May explain sociopathic behaviour Less gray matter as compared to controls Epigenetic influences
53
What does anterior insula activity correlate with?
Experience of felt satisfaction during a task
54
DLPFC
Evaluation of learned emotional meaning and value of objects and events (impulse control)
55
Anterior cingulate cortex
Resolution in decision-making
56
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Evaluation of emotional value of natural rewards (judgment)
57
OFC
Reward value of object and events, delayed gratification
58
3 essential hormones underlying motivation, emotion, and behaviour
Cortisol Testosterone Oxytocin
59
Cortisol
Stress hormone
60
When is cortisol activated?
In reaction to social-evaluative threats
61
Time duration of cortisol
Short-term adaptive function, but long-term association with poor intellectual functioning, negative affect, poor health outcomes
62
Testosterone
Associated with high competition, status-seeking, and sexual motivation Underlies status-seeking behaviour (especially after status is questioned) Underlies the mating effort (but low levels associated with better parenting)
63
Oxytocin
Bonding hormone Supports the tend and befriend stress response Raises trust in others Motivates seeking the counsel, support, and nurturance of others during times of stress
64
What does goal breakthrough model explain?
Explains where new, better, creative ideas and life goals come from
65
5 steps of goal breakthrough model in order
Dissatisfaction Preparation Incubation Illumination Creative breakthrough
66
What networks are involved in dissatisfaction?
Default mode network Salience network
67
What networks are involved in preparation?
Cognitive control network
68
What networks are involved in incubation?
Default mode network
69
What networks are involved in illumination?
Salience network
70
What damages the hippocampus?
Chronic stress
71
What does the DLPFC play a crucial role in?
Motivation by facilitating the initiation of goal-directed behaviours, essentially translating goals into action
72
What can the DLPFC modulate?
DA signals from the VTA
73
What does the DLPFC get?
VTA input, helps to sustain effort for long-term rewards and complex decision-making
74
What is the DLPFC important for?
Delayed rewards
75
How is the DLPFC related to evaluation?
Evaluation of the learned emotion meaning and value of objects and events
76
What does the anterior cingulate cortex do?
Conflict resolution and aiding other areas like the dlPFC and vnPFC in decision-making
77
Where does the OFC project to and from?
The VTA reward circuit
78
What does the OFC focus more on?
Moment-to-moment reward evaluation and adjusting behaviour based in reward changes

Motivation and Emotion (11 decks)

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