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Motivation and Emotion > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Four ways of studying unconscious motivation

A

Freudian unconscious
Adaptive unconscious
Implicit motives
Priming

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2
Q

What is Freudian unconscious classified as?

A

Psychoanalytical understanding of unconscious motives

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3
Q

What are adaptive unconscious, implicit motives, and priming classified as?

A

Psychodynamic understanding of unconscious motives

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4
Q

Freud’s dual-instinct theory

A

2 competing instincts
Eros
Thanatos

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5
Q

Eros broadly

A

Instinct for life

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6
Q

Thanatos broadly

A

Instincts for death

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7
Q

Eros

A

e.g., instincts for: sex, nurturance, affiliation

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8
Q

Thanatos

A

E.g., instincts for: aggression toward self (self-criticism, depression), aggression toward others (anger, prejudice)

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9
Q

Does the id actually exist?

A

The subcortical brain makes for a pretty fair id (amygdala, striatum, etc.)
Pleasure and unpleasure brain centres

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10
Q

Does the ego actually exist?

A

The cortical brain makes for a pretty fair ego
Prefrontal cortex governs learning, memory, decision-making, intellectual problem-solving
Executive control centre that perceives the worlds and learns to adapt to it

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11
Q

Are the cortical and subcortical brain structures connected? Implications?

A

Yes, by intricately interrelated neural pathways and structures
Interrelationships show how one structure affects another (e.g., how the amygdala excites and inhibits the PFC)

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12
Q

Adaptive unconscious

A

The automatic pilot that carries out countless computations and innumerable adjustments during acts such as tying your shoes, driving a car, or playing the piano (i.e., procedural knowledge)
Appraises the environment, sets goals, makes judgments, and initiates action, all while the person is thinking about something else

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13
Q

What is the adaptive unconscious (unconscious mind) AKA?

A

System 1

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14
Q

Adaptive unconscious (system 1)

A

Automatic
Intuitive
Fast, quick
Rash, uncontrollable
Involuntary, unintentional
Effortless
Emotional
Efficient, but impulsive
Thoughts come to mind automatically
First impressions
Not open to education and training

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15
Q

Conscious mind AKA?

A

System 2

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16
Q

Conscious mind/system 2

A

Controlled
Analytical, logical
Slow
Thoughtful, controllable
Voluntary, intentional
Effortful
Rational
Self-control, self-regulation
Thoughts have to be effortfully produced
Reflective judgment
Open to education and training

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17
Q

4 main principles of the contemporary psychodynamic perspectives

A

The unconscious
Psychodynamics
Ego development
Object relations theory

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18
Q

The unconscious from the contemporary psychodynamic perspective

A

Much of mental life is unconscious

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19
Q

Psychodynamics from the contemporary psychodynamic perspective

A

Mental processes operate in parallel with one another

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20
Q

Ego development from the contemporary psychodynamic perspective

A

Healthy development involves moving an immature socially dependent personality to one that is more mature and interdependent with others

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21
Q

Objects relation theory from the contemporary psychodynamic perspective

A

Mental representations of self and other form in childhood that guide the person’s later social motivations and relationships
Early relationships become templates/schemas that shape how we view ourselves and others for the rest of our lives

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22
Q

Implicit motives

A

Enduring, non-conscious forces that energize people’s behaviour toward the attainment of specific social incentives

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23
Q

Examples of implicit motives

A

Doing something well to show personal competence
Involvement in a warm and secure relationship
Having impact on others

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24
Q

Implicit implication in implicit motives

A

The motive is implied or inferred from the person’s characteristic thought, emotion, and behaviour

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25
What is the nature of the unconscious according to Freudian insight?
The unconscious is a storehouse of infantile desires that must be repressed and kept out of consciousness because of its anxiety-provoking properties
26
What is the nature of the unconscious according to contemporary view?
The adaptive unconscious is much more. It continually sizes up the world, generates gut feelings, makes judgments, sets goals, learns, and carries out innumerable tasks and procedures automatically and skillfully
27
Why does the unconscious exist according to Freudian insight?
People have a long list of unacceptable desires, so they develop defenses to avoid knowing what their unconscious motives and feelings are
28
Why does the unconscious exist according the contemporary view?
The mind is a well-designed two-tiered system in which the adaptive unconscious does a great deal of automatic thinking and coping, while the conscious mind steps into help when reflective, analytical thinking is needed
29
Implicit motivation
All the motives, emotions, attitudes, and judgments that operate outside a person's conscious awareness and that are fundamentally distinct from self-report motives, emotions, attitudes, and judgments
30
What are explicit (self-report) motives linked to?
The self-concept
31
What are implicit motives (projective techniques) linked to?
Emotional experiences
32
What are well-studied implicit motives?
Achievement, power, intimacy, autonomy, prejudice
33
Priming
Exposure to a stimulus that is outside one's conscious awareness that evokes an implicit response
34
What do primes activate?
An unconscious mental representation that primes action
35
Prime
Prepare action consistent with the unconscious mental representation
36
Three studies that illustrate the impacts of primes
Cleaning solution study Briefcase study Library study
37
Cleaning solution study
In one room, the faint scent of cleaning solution (citrus smell) was present Follow-up study: Gave participants' a cookie to eat that was very crumbly. Those primed with the clean scent were more likely to clean up the crumbs they left behind compared to those who were exposed to a neutral-scented room
38
Briefcase study
Same procedure as cleaning study, but in a follow-up study involving a negotiating task, those exposed to a briefcase were more argumentative and competitive in their negotiation
39
2 ways to deal with the clash between the id and the ego according to psychodynamics
Repression Suppression
40
Repression
The process of forgetting information or an experience by ways that are unconscious, unintentional, and automatic Repression is the ego's counterforce to the id's demanding desires
41
Suppression
The process of removing a thought from attention by ways that are conscious, intentional, and deliberate
42
Premises of suppression
1. We all have unwelcomed thoughts 2. We all desire peace of mind (serenity of consciousness) 3. To achieve #2, we suppress #1 4. But, mental control can backfire
43
What does suppression become
Obsession
44
What does healthy ego development involve?
Advancing from heteronomy to autonomy
45
What does healthy personality development involve?
Not only learning to regulate sexual and aggressive feelings but also moving from an immature, socially dependent state to a mature, interdependent one Healthy development involves moving from heteronomy (immature, social dependence on others) to autonomy (mature, independent)
46
Six stages of ego development
Impulsive Self-protective Conformist Conscientious Individualistic Autonomous
47
Impulsive as a stage of ego development
Strongly selfish; others are "nice to me/mean to me"; very weak ego
48
Self-protective as a stage of ego development
First signs of rule-based constraint; goal is to not get caught or blamed
49
Conformist
Strong identification with own group - family, peers
50
Conscientious as a stage of ego development
Internalization of rules, feels responsible for others, feels responsible for achievement
51
Individualistic as a stage of ego development
Heightened sense of individuality; tolerance for others
52
Autonomous as a stage of ego development
Acknowledges and copes with inner conflicts (e.g., personal needs vs. social duties); self-motivating; self-regulating
53
Motivational importance of ego development
The ego develops to defend against anxiety (ego defense) The ego develops to empower the person to interact more effectively and more proactively with its surroundings (ego offense)
54
Name all 11 defense mechanisms
Denial Fantasy Projection Displacement Identification Regression Reaction formation Rationalization Anticipation Humor Sublimation
55
Denial
Ignoring or refusing to acknowledge an unpleasant external reality
56
Fantasy
Imagining omnipotent achievement
57
Projection
Assigning one's own unacceptable desire or impulse to someone else
58
Displacement
Anxiety released onto a substitute object when the actual source is powerful
59
Identification
Taking on the characteristics of someone viewed as successful
60
Regression
Returning to an earlier state of development when anxious
61
Reaction formation
Expressing the strong opposite of one's true feelings or motives
62
Rationalization
Justifying a disturbing or an unacceptable thought or feeling by selecting a logical reason to think or feel that way
63
Anticipation
Forecasting future danger in small steps so to cope with the danger gradually rather than all at once
64
Humor
Capacity to not take oneself too seriously, as in accepting one's shortcomings and talking about it in a socially acceptable way
65
Sublimation
Transforming a socially unacceptable and productive source of energy
66
Vulnerability to depression as a function of maturity level of defense mechanisms and amount of life stress
High life stress + immature defense mechanisms = vulnerability to depression

Motivation and Emotion (11 decks)

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