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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the sociological perspective reveal?

A

The sociological perspective reveals the power of society to shape individual lives.

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2
Q

Who coined the term ‘sociological imagination’?

A

C. Wright Mills called this point of view the ‘sociological imagination,’ which transforms personal troubles into public issues.

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3
Q

What encourages the sociological perspective?

A

Being an outsider or experiencing social crisis encourages the sociological perspective.

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4
Q

Why is global awareness important in sociology?

A

Global awareness is important because where we live shapes the lives we lead and societies are increasingly interconnected.

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5
Q

How does global thinking benefit us?

A

Thinking globally helps us learn more about ourselves and understand that many social problems in the U.S. are more serious elsewhere.

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6
Q

What triggered the development of sociology?

A

Rapid social change, including the rise of an industrial economy, explosive growth of cities, and new political ideas.

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7
Q

Who named the discipline of sociology?

A

Auguste Comte named the discipline of sociology in 1830.

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8
Q

What is sociology?

A

Sociology is the systematic study of human society.

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9
Q

What is society?

A

Society is a group of people who live in a defined territory and share a culture.

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10
Q

What is the sociological perspective?

A

The sociological perspective is sociology’s special point of view that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people.

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11
Q

What is a global perspective?

A

Global perspective is the study of the larger world and our society’s place in it.

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12
Q

What are high-income countries?

A

High-income countries are nations with the highest overall standards of living.

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13
Q

What are middle-income countries?

A

Middle-income countries are nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole.

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14
Q

What are low-income countries?

A

Low-income countries are nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor.

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15
Q

What is positivism?

A

Positivism is a scientific approach to knowledge based on positive facts as opposed to mere speculation.

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16
Q

How does the sociological perspective apply to public policy?

A

The sociological perspective is used by government agencies when developing laws and regulations that guide how people in communities live and work.

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17
Q

What is the structural-functional approach?

A

The structural-functional approach explores how structures work together to help society operate.

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18
Q

Who helped develop the structural-functional approach?

A

Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, and Herbert Spencer helped develop the structural-functional approach.

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19
Q

What does the social-conflict approach show?

A

The social-conflict approach shows how inequality creates conflict.

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20
Q

What are the two important types of conflict analysis?

A

The two important types of conflict analysis are gender-conflict theory (feminist theory) and race-conflict theory.

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21
Q

Who helped develop the social-conflict approach?

A

Karl Marx helped develop the social-conflict approach.

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22
Q

What does the symbolic-interaction approach study?

A

The symbolic-interaction approach studies how people, in everyday interaction, construct reality.

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23
Q

Who helped develop the social-interaction approach?

A

Max Weber and George Herbert Mead helped develop the social-interaction approach.

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24
Q

What is a theory in sociology?

A

A theory is a statement of how and why specific facts are related.

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25
What is a theoretical approach?
A theoretical approach is a basic image of society that guides thinking.
26
What is the structural-functional approach?
The structural-functional approach is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together.
27
What is social structure?
Social structure is any relatively stable pattern of social behavior.
28
What are social functions?
Social functions are the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole.
29
What are manifest functions?
Manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.
30
What are latent functions?
Latent functions are the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern.
31
What is social dysfunction?
Social dysfunction is any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society.
32
What is the social-conflict approach?
A framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
33
What is gender-conflict theory?
The study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men.
34
What is feminism?
Support of social equality for women and men, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism.
35
What is race-conflict theory?
The study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories.
36
What is macro-level orientation?
A broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole.
37
What is micro-level orientation?
A close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations.
38
What is the symbolic-interaction approach?
A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
39
What are the three research orientations in sociology?
1. Positivist sociology 2. Interpretive sociology 3. Critical sociology
40
What is positivist sociology?
The study of society based on scientific observation of social behavior.
41
What does science refer to in sociology?
A logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.
42
What is empirical evidence?
Information we can verify with our senses.
43
What is a concept in sociology?
A mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in a simplified form.
44
What is a variable?
A concept whose value changes from case to case.
45
What is measurement in sociology?
A procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case.
46
What does it mean to operationalize a variable?
Specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable.
47
What is reliability in research?
Consistency in measurement.
48
What is validity in research?
Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure.
49
What is correlation?
A relationship in which two (or more) variables change together.
50
What is cause and effect?
A relationship in which change in one variable (the independent variable) causes change in another (the dependent variable).
51
What is an independent variable?
The variable that causes the change.
52
What is a dependent variable?
The variable that changes.
53
What is spurious correlation?
An apparent but false relationship between two (or more) variables that is caused by some other variable.
54
What is objectivity in research?
Personal neutrality in conducting research.
55
What is interpretive sociology?
The study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world.
56
What is critical sociology?
The study of society that focuses on the need for social change.
57
How can gender affect sociological research?
If a researcher fails to avoid problems of androcentricity, overgeneralizing, gender blindness, double standards, or interference.
58
What are the ethics in sociological research?
Sociologists must ensure that subjects in a research project are not harmed and include in their published results all sources of financial support.
59
What is gender in sociology?
The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male.
60
What is the experiment research method?
A research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions.
61
What is survey research?
A research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview.
62
What is participant observation?
A research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities.
63
What is a stereotype?
A simplified description applied to every person in some category.

Sociology (3 decks)

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