Chapter 1

Question 1

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

Study of the function of body parts

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

Study of large visible structures

Answer 3

Gross (microscopic anatomy)

Question 4

All structures in a particular area of the body

Answer 4

Regional anatomy

Question 5

Just one system

Answer 5

System anatomy

Question 6

Internal structures as they relate to overline skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)

Answer 6

Surface anatomy

Question 7

Microscopic anatomy

Answer 7

Structures too small to be seen by naked eye

Question 8

Microscopic study of cell

Answer 8

Cytology

Question 9

Microscopic study of tissues

Answer 9

Histology

Question 10

Studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life

Answer 10

Developmental anatomy

Question 11

Study of development before birth

Answer 11

Embryology

Question 12

Based on organ systems

Often focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body

Looks at how the bodies of abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells

Answer 12

Subdivisions of physiology

Question 13

Human body is very organized from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level

Answer 13

Structural organization

Question 14

Atoms ,molecules and organelles

Answer 14

Chemical level

Question 15

Single cell

Answer 15

Cellular level

Question 16

Groups of similar cells

Answer 16

Tissue level

Question 17

Contains two or more types of tissue

Answer 17

Organ level

Question 18

Organs that work closely together

Answer 18

Organ system level

Question 19

All organ systems combined to make the whole organism

Answer 19

Organismal level

Question 20

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable

Function always reflects structure

What structure can do depends on its specific form

Answer 20

Principle of complementarity of structure and function

Question 21

Maintenance of life involves:

Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth

Answer 21

Necessary life functions

Question 22

Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Answer 22

Survival needs

Question 23

Plasma membrane separate cells

Skin separates organism from environment

Answer 23

Maintaining boundaries

Question 24

Muscular system allows movement
Contractility refers to movement at the cellular level

Answer 24

Movement

Question 25

Ability to sense and respond to stimuli

Answer 25

Responsiveness

Question 26

Breakdown of ingested. Followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood.

Answer 26

Digestion

Question 27

All chemical reactions that occur in body cell

Answer 27

Metabolism

Question 28

Breakdown of molecules

Answer 28

Catabolism

Question 29

Synthesis of molecules

Answer 29

Anabolism

Question 30

Removal away from metabolism and digestion

Answer 30

Excretion

Question 31

At the cellular level involves division of cells for growth or repair At the organismal level, is the production of offspring

Answer 31

Reproduction

Question 32

Increase in size of a body part or of organism

Answer 32

Growth

Question 33

Chemical for energy and cell building

Answer 33

Nutrients

Question 34

Major source of energy

Answer 34

Carbohydrates

Question 35

Needed for cell building and cell chemistry

Answer 35

Protein

Question 36

Long-term energy storage

Answer 36

Fats

Question 37

Involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes

Answer 37

Minerals and vitamins

Question 38

Central for release of energy from foods

Answer 38

Oxygen

Question 39

Most abundant chemical in body provides the watery environment for chemical reactions Also is fluid base for secretion and excretion

Answer 39

Water

Question 40

A body temp falls below or goes above 37°C rates of chemical reactions are affected

Answer 40

Normal body temperature

Question 41

Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

Answer 41

Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Question 42

A dynamic state of equilibrium, always be adjusting as needed. Maintained by contributions of all organ systems

Answer 42

Homeostasis

Question 43

Factors that can change ( blood sugar, body, temperature, blood, volume, etc.)

Answer 43

Variables

Question 44

monitors environment Response to stimuli

Answer 44

Receptor

Question 45

Determines setpoint at which variable is maintained Receives input from receptor Determines appropriate response

Answer 45

Control center

Question 46

Receives output from control center Provides the means to respond Response either reduces stimulus or enhance a stimulus

Answer 46

Effector

Question 47

Most used feedback mechanism in body Respond reduces or shuts off original stimulus Example: regulation of body temperature

Answer 47

Negative feedback

Question 48

Response enhances, or exaggerates the original stimulus May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change Example: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

Answer 48

Positive feedback

Question 49

Disturbance of homeostasis Increases risk of disease Control systems become less efficient

Answer 49

Homeostatic imbalance