Chapter 4- Tissues

Question 1

Superficial to deep; ectoderm (nerve tissue ), mesoderm (muscle and connective tissue ), and endoderm (Epithelial tissue). Epithelial tissues arise from all three germ layers.

Answer 1

Primary germ layers

Question 2

Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

Answer 2

Tissues

Question 3

Study of tissues

Answer 3

Histology

Question 4

Sheets of cells that covers body surfaces and cavities.
Two main forms: covering and lining epithelia and glandular epithelia.
Main functions: protection, absorption, filtration, extraction, secretion, and sensory reception.

Answer 4

Epithelial tissue

Question 5

Apical surface side is exposed to surface or cavity.

Basil surface, lower attach side, faces inwards towards body. Attaches to basil lamina.

Answer 5

Polarity ( characteristics of epithelial tissue)

Question 6

-Needs to fit closely together.

-Many form continuous sheets.

-Lateral contact include: tight junctions, Desmosomes.

Answer 6

Specialized contacts (characteristics of epithelial tissue

Question 7

Reticular lamina: consist of network of collagen fibers

Answer 7

Supported by connective tissues (characteristics of epithelial tissue)

Question 8

Made up of basil and reticular lamina. Resists stretching and tearing

Answer 8

Basement membrane

Question 9

No blood vessels are found in epithelial tissue. must be nourished by diffusion supplied by nerve fibers.

Answer 9

Avascular but not innervated (characteristics of epithelial tissue)

Question 10

Epithelial cells have high regenerative capacities. Some cells are exposed to friction some to hostile substances resulting in damage.

Answer 10

Regeneration (characteristics of epithelial tissue)

Question 11

A single layer thick

Answer 11

Simple epithelia

Question 12

Two or more layers thick and involved in protection

Answer 12

Stratified epithelia

Question 13

Flatten and scale like

Answer 13

Squamous

Question 14

box like, cube

Answer 14

Cuboidal

Question 15

Tall, Column like

Answer 15

Columnar

Question 16

Function:Allows materials to pass by diffusion infiltration in sites where protection is not important. secrets lubricating substances in Serosae.

Location: kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

Answer 16

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 17

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands. Ovary surface.

Answer 17

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 18

Function: absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances. Ciliated type propels mucus by ciliary action.

Location: non-ciliated type line most of digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands.

Answer 18

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 19

Function: secrete substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.

Location: Ciliated verity, lines, the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract. ducts of large glands.

Answer 19

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 20

Function: protects underlying tissues, and areas subjected to abrasion

Location: Nonkeratinized forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, vagina

Answer 20

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 21

Quite rare, found in some sweat and mammary glands, typically only two cell layers thick.

Answer 21

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 22

Very limited distribution in body.

Small amounts found in pharynx,in male urethra and lining some glandular ducts. Only apical layer is columnar

Answer 22

Stratified columnar epithelium

Question 23

Function: stretches readily

Location: lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra

Answer 23

Transitional epithelium

Question 24

Most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues.

Major functions: binding and support, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, transporting substances (blood).

Answer 24

Connective tissue

Question 25

-All arise from mesenchyme tissue. -Have varying degree of vascularity. -Cells are suspended/embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM) (protein, sugar mesh)

Answer 25

Characteristics of connective tissue

Question 26

Ground substance + fiber=

Answer 26

Extracellular matrix

Question 27

Gel like material that fill space between cells. Components; Interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins , proteoglycans.

Answer 27

Ground substance

Question 28

Three types of fibers provides support. Collagen-strongest and most abundant type. Tough, provides high tensile strength. Elastic fiber-network of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil. Reticular-short fine highly branched collagenous fibers. Offer more "give'

Answer 28

Connective tissue fibers

Question 29

Immature form of cell

Answer 29

"Blast cell"

Question 30

Mature, less active form of blast cell that now becomes part of and helps maintain health of matrix

Answer 30

"Cyte" cells

Question 31

Found in connective tissue proper

Answer 31

Fibroblasts

Question 32

Found in cartilage

Answer 32

Chondroblasts

Question 33

Found in bone

Answer 33

Osteoblasts

Question 34

Store nutrients

Answer 34

Fat cell

Question 35

Tissue respond to injury

Answer 35

White blood cells

Question 36

Initiate local inflammatory response

Answer 36

Mast cells

Question 37

Phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells

Answer 37

Macrophages

Question 38

Consist of all connective, tissues, except bone, cartilage, and blood

Answer 38

Connective tissue proper

Question 39

Function: wraps and cushions organs Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body

Answer 39

Areolar connective tissue

Question 40

Function: food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protect organs Location: under skin, around kidney and eyeballs; within abdomen, and in breasts

Answer 40

Adipose connective tissue

Question 41

Function: soft internal skeleton, supports other cell types Location: lymphoid organs

Answer 41

Reticular connective tissue

Question 42

Function: attaches muscles to bones, attaches bones to bones Location: tendons, most ligaments

Answer 42

Dense regular connective tissue

Question 43

Function: withstand tension exerted in many directions Location: Organs and joints. Dermis of skin.

Answer 43

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 44

Function: allows to recoil after stretching Location: walls of large arteries

Answer 44

Elastic connective tissue

Question 45

Matrix secreted from chondroblast and chondrocytes. tough flexible material that lacks nerve fibers. Avascular-receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it.

Answer 45

Cartilage

Question 46

Function: resilient cushion, resists compressive stress Location: coastal cartilage of the ribs

Answer 46

Hyalin cartilage

Question 47

Function: maintains shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility Location: ear

Answer 47

Elastic cartilage

Question 48

Function: tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock Location: intrevertebral discs

Answer 48

Fibrocartilage

Question 49

-Support and protects. -Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavaties -Has more collagen compared to cartilage. -Has calcium salts -Osteoblast -Osteocytes-maintain the matrix -Richly vascularized

Answer 49

Bone tissue

Question 50

-Atypical connective tissue because it is fluid. -red blood cell, white blood cell, platelets. -blood clotting -transport, nutrients, waste, gases

Answer 50

Blood

Question 51

-highly vascularized -responsible for most types of movement

Answer 51

Muscle tissue

Question 52

Function: voluntary movement, locomotion Location: attached to bones or occasionally to skin

Answer 52

Skeletal muscle

Question 53

Function: involuntary control Location: heart

Answer 53

Cardiac muscle

Question 54

Function: involuntary control. Location: mostly in the walls of hollow organs

Answer 54

Smooth muscle

Question 55

Function: Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors Location: Brain, spinal cord and nerves

Answer 55

Nervous tissue