Chapter 3- Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

Flexible outer boundary. Selectively permeable. Act as an active barrier separating intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular Fluid (ECF). Also known as the cell membrane provides a surface for chemical reaction. Generally described as phospholipid Bilayer.

Answer 1

Plasma membrane

Question 2

Intracellular fluid containing organelles

Answer 2

Cytoplasm

Question 3

DNA containing Control Center

Answer 3

Nucleus

Question 4

Serve as a general barrier

Answer 4

Phospholipids

Question 5

integral- for transport
peripheral-for receiving chemical sign

Answer 5

Proteins

Question 6

Used for attachment to other cells or to surfaces

Answer 6

Carbohydrates

Question 7

Holds membrane together while promoting flexibility

Answer 7

Cholesterol

Question 8

Firmly inserted into the membrane. Most are transmembrane protein, have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Function as transport proteins (channels and carriers) enzymes or receptors

Answer 8

Integral proteins

Question 9

Loosely attached to integral proteins. Include filaments on intracellular surface used for plasma membrane support. Function as enzymes, motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contraction. Cell to cell connections.

Answer 9

Peripheral proteins

Question 10

Consist of sugars (carbohydrates) sticking out of cell surface. Some sugars are attached to lipids and some to proteins. Functions as specific biological markers for cell to cell recognition. Allows immune system to recognize self versus non-self.

Answer 10

glycocalyx

Question 11

Some cells are bound together to form tissues and organs.

Answer 11

Cell junctions

Question 12

Integral proteins on adjacent cells fuse to form an impermeable junction that encircles whole cell. Prevent fluids and most molecules form moving in between cells.

Answer 12

Tight junctions

Question 13

Rivet like cell junction formed when Linker proteins of neighboring cells interlock like the teeth of a zipper. Linker protein is anchored to its cell through thicken button like areas on inside of plasma membrane called plaques. Allow “give” between cells reducing the possibility of tearing under tension.

Answer 13

Desmosomes

Question 14

Trans membrane proteins form, tunnels, that allows small molecules to pass from cell to cell. Used to spread ions, simple sugars, or other small molecules between cells.

Answer 14

Gap junction

Question 15

Protein matrix running through the cytoplasm

Answer 15

Cytoskeleton

Question 16

Thin strips of the protein actin, used in cell movement

Answer 16

Microfilaments (cytoskeleton)

Question 17

Consist of rope like fibers of the protein keratin, protects a cell against stress and trauma.

Answer 17

Intermediate filaments (cytoskeleton)

Question 18

Hollow tubes of the protein tubule, used in cell division.

Answer 18

Microtubules (cytoskeleton)

Question 19

A pair exist right outside nucleus. Composed of microtubules used in separating DNA during cell division.

Answer 19

Centrioles

Question 20

Region of cytoplasm where centrioles sit.

Answer 20

Centrosome

Question 21

Extensions from cells that allow for the cell to move or allow for fluids to move along the surface of cells

Answer 21

Cilia and Flagella

Question 22

Long whip like tails.
-sperm cells
-protozoan cells

Answer 22

Flagella

Question 23

Short hair like extensions that move like stiff oars.
-paramecium
-cells lining respiratory tract

Answer 23

Cilia

Question 24

Finger like extensions of plasma membrane that project from surface of select cells. Used to increase surface area for absorption.

Answer 24

Microvilli

Question 25

Tiniest of all cell structures, site of protein synthesis.

Answer 25

Ribosomes

Question 26

System of membranous channels with compartments that form vesicles

Answer 26

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 27

Has ribosomes attached. Processes and packages protein.

Answer 27

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 28

Has no ribosomes, site of lipid synthesis, stores calcium, and performs detoxification

Answer 28

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 29

Stack of membrane bound flatten sacs. Packaging and distribution center. Receives vesicles from endoplasmic reticulum and repackages substances into vesicles for transport to their final destination.

Answer 29

GOLGI apparatus

Question 30

Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes. (acid hydrolase) -digest, ingested, bacteria, viruses, and toxins. -degrade non-functional organelles Intracellular release in injured cells causes cells to digest themselves (autolysis).

Answer 30

Lysosome

Question 31

Membranous sacs containing powerful detoxify substances that neutralize toxins. Two main detoxifiers: oxidase uses oxygen to convert toxins to hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), which is itself toxic: however, peroxisome also contains catalase, which converts H2O to harmless water.

Answer 31

Peroxisomes

Question 32

Powerhouse of the cell. An organelle that is the site of cellular respiration (process that converts glucose into ATP).

Answer 32

Mitochondria

Question 33

Control center of the cell. Holds DNA

Answer 33

Nucleus

Question 34

Fluid and the nucleus

Answer 34

Nucleaoplasm

Question 35

Double membrane covering over nucleus.

Answer 35

Nuclear envelope

Question 36

Produces ribosomes

Answer 36

Nucleolus

Question 37

-Movement of salute particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Solute moves along the concentration gradient. Salute particles will continue to move until they are equally spread out and have reach equilibrium. Occurs through force in the plasma membrane between phospholipid molecules

Answer 37

Simple diffusion (passive process)

Question 38

Requires no energy- ATP

Answer 38

Passive processes

Question 39

Requires energy – ATP.

Answer 39

Active processes

Question 40

Nonpolar lipid-soluble substances diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer.

Answer 40

Hydrophobic

Question 41

The greater the difference of concentration between two areas, the faster diffusion occurs

Answer 41

Concentration (factors affecting the rate of diffusion)

Question 42

Smaller molecules, diffuse faster

Answer 42

Molecular size (factors affecting the rate of diffusion)

Question 43

High temps increase kinetic energy, which result in faster diffusion

Answer 43

Temperature (factors affecting the rate of diffusion)

Question 44

Channel and carrier proteins.

Answer 44

Facilitated diffusion (passive process)

Question 45

Substances bind to protein carriers. Trans membrane integral proteins. Transport specific polar molecules, such as sugars and amino acids that are too large for membrane channels. Binding is limited by number of carriers present.

Answer 45

Carrier mediated (facilitated diffusion)

Question 46

Substances move through water fill channels. Aqueous filled cores are formed by transmembrane proteins. Transport molecule, such as ions or water down their concentration gradient. Specifically based on pore size and/or charge.

Answer 46

Channel mediated (facilitated diffusion)

Question 47

Water channels

Answer 47

Aquaporins

Question 48

Always open

Answer 48

Leakage channels

Question 49

Controlled by chemical or electrical signals.

Answer 49

Gated channels.

Question 50

The comparison of salute concentrations

Answer 50

Tonicity

Question 51

Describes a solution that has a higher salute concentration

Answer 51

Hypertonic

Question 52

Describes a solution that has a lower solute concentration

Answer 52

Hypotonic

Question 53

Describes a solution that has an equal solute concentration

Answer 53

Isotonic

Question 54

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Answer 54

Osmosis (passive process)

Question 55

Requires carrier proteins (solute pumps) -Bind specifically and reversibly with substance being moved. -moves solutes against their concentration gradient (low to high)

Answer 55

Active transport (active process)

Question 56

Most studied pump. Basically is an enzyme that pumps Na out of cell and K back into cell. Located in all plasma membranes, but especially active in nerves and muscles

Answer 56

Sodium potassium pump

Question 57

Transport into cell

Answer 57

Endocytosis

Question 58

Transport into across and then out of cell

Answer 58

Transcytosis

Question 59

Type of endocytosis that is referred to as cell eating. Membrane projections called pseudopod form and flow around solid particles that are being engulfed forming a vesicle, which is pulled into cell. Is used by microphages and certain other white blood cell.

Answer 59

Phagocytosis

Question 60

Formed vesicle

Answer 60

Phagosome

Question 61

Type of endocytosis that is referred to as "cell drinking" or fluid phase endocytosis. Plasma membrane infolds, bringing intracellular fluid and dissolves solute inside cell. Main way in which nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine.

Answer 61

Pinocytosis

Question 62

Involves endocytosis and transcytosis of specific molecules. Many cells have receptors embedded in clathrin-coated pits.

Answer 62

Receptor mediated endocytosis.

Question 63

Process where material is ejected from cell

Answer 63

Exocytosis

Question 64

Substance being ejected is enclosed in

Answer 64

Secretary vesicle.