Chapter 1

Question 1

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 1

The body’s genetic material (DNA)

Question 2

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 2

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 3

What is DNA?

Answer 3

A double helix strand that looks like a twisted ladder.

Question 4

What are nucleotides?

Answer 4

The basic repeating units which make up DNA

Question 5

What are the three parts to the nucleotides?

Answer 5

Sugar, phosphate and a base

Question 6

What parts of the nucleotides make up the backbone of DNA?

Answer 6

Sugar and phosphorus

Question 7

What part of the nucleotides make up the rungs of DNA?

Answer 7

Nitrogen base

Question 8

What are the four bases found in DNA?

Answer 8

adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)

Question 9

What is complementary base-pairing?

Answer 9

A is chemically attracted to T; C is chemically attracted to G

Question 10

How is DNA arranged?

Answer 10

In thread-like structures called chromosomes found in the nucleus

Question 11

How many many chromosomes are in each cell?

Answer 11

46

Question 12

What are the exceptions to this?

Answer 12

Sperm and egg cells which have 23, and red blood cells that have no nuclei

Question 13

What is a gene?

Answer 13

A section of DNA that contains specific instructions for a specific protein

Question 14

What are protiens used for?

Answer 14

Growth, development and functioning

Question 15

What is the Watson-Crick model?

Answer 15

The modern DNA model

Question 16

What are chromosomes made of?

Answer 16

DNA and protien

Question 17

What is DNA replication?

Answer 17

The process of producing two identical DNA molecules from the one original

Question 18

What are the steps to DNA replication?

Answer 18

1. The DNA double helix unwinds and unzips to separate the two strands.
2. Each separate strand acts as a template, as free nucleotides match up with its complementary bases, creating new strands.
3. DNA rewinds into a double helix, resulting into two identical DNA molecules.

Question 19

What are chromatids?

Answer 19

After DNA replication, each chromosome becomes a double structure made up of two identical chromatids joined together. It is then when they are ready to divide

Question 20

What are the two types of cell division?

Answer 20

Mitosis and meiosis

Question 21

What does mitosis produce?

Answer 21

Two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell and is used for growth and repair

Question 22

What does meiosis produce?

Answer 22

Four daughter cells that have half the number of chromosome and is used to produce gametes

Question 23

What are the steps to mitosis?

Answer 23

1. Chromosomes replicate to become double stranded (interphase)
2. Double-stranded chromosomes become visible (Prophase)
3. Double-stranded chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell (metaphase)
4. The chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell (Anaphase)
5. Two nuclei form , each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell (Telophase)
6. Membranes form, separating the two nuclei into the two daughter cells

Question 24

How do chromosomes appear naturally?

Answer 24

In matching pairs

Question 25

What are homologous pairs?

Answer 25

One paternal and one maternal

Question 26

What is the centromere?

Answer 26

The point where two chromosones join

Question 27

What pair of chromosomes contain the genetic information for sexual characteristics and do not match?

Answer 27

Sex chromosomes (X and Y)

Question 28

What are the non-sex chromosomes called?

Answer 28

Autosomes

Question 29

What cells go through meiosis?

Answer 29

Cells in the testes and ovaries

Question 30

What are haploid number of chromosomes?

Answer 30

One copy of each chromosome

Question 31

What are diploid number of chromosomes?

Answer 31

The number of chromosomes in your body cells. Described as 2N

Question 32

What are the steps to meiosis?

Answer 32

1. Pairs of double-stranded chromosomes line up 2. One double-stranded chromosone of each pair moves to each pole 3. Two cells are formed 4. Double-stranded chromosomes line up 5. Chromatids separate and move to poles 6. Four cells result with a haploid number of cells

Question 33

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 33

When offspring are produced without the union of gametes, instead through mitosis of particular cells.

Question 34

What are some examples of asexual reproduction?

Answer 34

Hydra, grass, bacteria

Question 35

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 35

The union of gametes (i.e. fertilisation)

Question 36

What happens at the end of meiosis?

Answer 36

The gametes produced will be different from each other

Question 37

What are the bases attached to?

Answer 37

The sugar

Question 38

What are dominant genes?

Answer 38

Those that are expressed in the outward appearance

Question 39

What are recessive genes?

Answer 39

Remains hidden if both genes are present

Question 40

What is the process of copying DNA called?

Answer 40

Replication

Question 41

What are stem cells?

Answer 41

The very first cell that is created right after conception

Question 42

What is the difference betweeen DNA, genes and chromosomes?

Answer 42

Chromosone - Structured version of DNA Genes - section of DNA that determines a specific trait

Question 43

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

Answer 43

Mitosis - 2 daughter cells that are identical to the parent call and is used for growth and repair Meiosis - 4 daughter cells that have hlaf the number of chromosome and is used to produce gametes

Question 44

What is Gregor Mendel referred to?

Answer 44

The father of genetics

Question 45

What are dominant genes?

Answer 45

Those that are expressed in the outward appearance

Question 46

What are recessive genes?

Answer 46

They remain hidden if both genes are present

Question 47

What is inheritance?

Answer 47

The transmission of genetic information through genes that have been passed from parents to their offspring

Question 48

What is an allele?

Answer 48

A different form of a gene that codes for different versions of a characteristic

Question 49

What happens if both alleles are present?

Answer 49

The dominant allele is present

Question 50

What is the genotype?

Answer 50

The actual genetic information

Question 51

What is the phenotype?

Answer 51

The visible result of the genotype

Question 52

What is a homozygous?

Answer 52

When an organism has identical alleles

Question 53

What is a heterozygous?

Answer 53

When an organism has two different alleles

Question 54

What are punnet squares?

Answer 54

Used to predict possible genetic outcomes

Question 55

What do sex-linked genes mean?

Answer 55

Found on the sex chromosomes

Question 56

When does a mutation occur?

Answer 56

When a mistake happens during DNA replication

Question 57

What happens in GM organisms?

Answer 57

The DNA of an organism is changed by inserting new, desirable genes

Question 58

What is recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 58

The technology of combining DNA from different genes

Question 59

What is gene splicing?

Answer 59

Involves cutting bacterial DNA open and inserting the desirable genes in

Question 60

What can genetic testing do?

Answer 60

It can tell if an individual is carrying specific disease-causing genes

Question 61

What does biotechnology use?

Answer 61

Organisms or parts of organisms to make or change products

Question 62

Define pluripotent

Answer 62

An immature cell or or stem cell that is capable of giving rise to several different cell types

Question 63

What are embryonic stem cells?

Answer 63

Pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, and possess the unique ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body

Question 64

What are differenciated cells?

Answer 64

Specialized cells with distinct structures and functions

Question 65

What are adult stem cells?

Answer 65

Undifferentiated cells found in various tissues throughout the body after embryonic development

Question 66

What are induced pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 66

Adult cells that have been reprogrammed in a lab to become similar to embryonic stem cells

Question 67

What is in-vitro fertilisation?

Answer 67

A fertility treatment where eggs are fertilized with sperm in a laboratory, and the resulting embryos are then transferred to the uterus to establish a pregnancy

Question 68

Causes of infertility

Answer 68

Ovulation problems, low sperm count or quality, and structural issues like blocked fallopian tubes or uterine problems in both genders