CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
What is intelligence?
A
Intelligence connects perception to action to help an organism survive.
2
Q
How is intelligence defined in relation to mental capability?
A
Intelligence refers to a general mental capability to reason, solve problems, think abstractly, learn, and profit from past experience.
3
Q
What are the key mental processes that intelligence draws on?
A
- Memory
- Learning
- Perception
- Decision-making
- Thinking
- Reasoning
4
Q
What is the simplest definition of intelligence proposed?
A
Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure.
5
Q
What are some criticisms of defining intelligence solely by intelligence tests?
A
- It is circular.
- Different tests measure different things.
- It does not characterize the ability well.
6
Q
What is an example of a definition of intelligence that emphasizes adaptability?
A
Intelligence is a general adaptability to new problems in life.
7
Q
What does the Binet-Simon test aim to measure?
A
The Binet-Simon test aims to assess children’s intelligence to predict academic success.
8
Q
What concept did Binet and Simon introduce to evaluate children’s intellectual development?
A
The concept of mental age.
9
Q
What is the intelligence quotient (IQ)?
A
IQ is a score derived from a test that reflects a person’s performance relative to others of the same age.
10
Q
Who developed the first intelligence test that predicted academic success?
A
Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon.
11
Q
What was the purpose of the Army Alpha and Beta exams during World War I?
A
To screen recruits using intelligence tests.
12
Q
What is one major flaw identified in the administration of Army intelligence tests?
A
Different test administrators used different standards.
13
Q
Fill in the blank: Intelligence is computation in the service of _______.
A
[life]
14
Q
True or False: There is a universally accepted definition of intelligence.
A
False
15
Q
What historical figure is known for founding the eugenics movement?
A
Sir Frances Galton.
16
Q
What did Binet and Simon find to be better predictors of school success than sensory tests?
A
Tests of practical knowledge, memory, reasoning, vocabulary, and problem solving.
17
Q
What is the average score defined as in modern intelligence tests?
A
100
18
Q
What was a significant result of the early intelligence tests developed by Galton and Cattell?
A
They showed no correlation with academic achievement.
19
Q
What was the purpose of the Binet-Simon test revisions published in 1908 and 1911?
A
To improve the accuracy of predicting academic success.
20
Q
What are the names of the two intelligence tests developed for the U.S. Army?
A
- Army Alpha
- Army Beta
21
Q
What was a unique feature of the Army Alpha and Beta exams?
A
They were administered to large groups of recruits simultaneously.
22
Q
Fill in the blank: Binet and Simon observed which items were successfully completed by half of _______ to create their test.
A
[seven-year-olds]
23
Q
What did Binet and Simon aim to avoid when identifying children with learning problems?
A
Biases of the examiner.
24
Q
What were the main components of the intelligence tests used by the United States Army during World War I?
A
Mazes, completing pictures, recognizing patterns, and solving puzzles.
25
How did the army assign grades to recruits based on their test performance?
Letter grades of A through D- based on the number of problems answered correctly.
26
What was the purpose of the intelligence tests administered to recruits?
To identify candidates for officer training and to reject low-scoring recruits from military service.
27
Approximately how many recruits were given intelligence tests by the end of World War I?
1.7 million recruits.
28
What criticism did modern critics have regarding the administration of the army intelligence tests?
Tests were often improperly administered with inconsistent standards for determining illiteracy.
29
What was the name of the intelligence test developed for Army recruits during World War I?
Examination Alpha.
30
What type of questions did Examination Alpha consist of?
A variety of short-answer tests measuring general intelligence.
31
True or False: Critics believe the results from Examination Alpha were reliable.
False.
32
What subject areas were covered in the sample intelligence test questions provided?
General knowledge, practical knowledge, and arithmetic.
33
What was the main flaw identified in the way the army tests were administered?
Different test administrators used varying standards for assigning recruits to exams.
34
Fill in the blank: The _______ was designed to measure general intelligence during World War I.
Examination Alpha
35
What kind of test followed the army tests and grew in popularity after World War I?
Group mental tests.
36
What is the name of the test introduced in 1926 to aid colleges in selecting students?
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT).
37
Name two widely used modern intelligence tests.
Stanford-Binet and Wechsler Intelligence Scale.
38
What are subtests in the context of intelligence tests?
Sections of the main test with similar item types.
39
What is one example of a verbal subtest question from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?
How many wings does a bird have?
40
What do the Wechsler tests provide in addition to an overall IQ score?
Separate verbal and performance (nonverbal) scores.
41
How are the total raw scores calculated in intelligence tests?
By adding the scores from each subtest.
42
What is the purpose of the comprehension subtest in intelligence tests?
To measure practical knowledge and understanding of social rules.
43
True or False: The arithmetic subtest requires solving a series of arithmetic problems.
True.
44
What was the score system used by the army to evaluate intelligence test performance?
A letter grade system from A to D-.
45
What type of questions does the Information category ask?
A series of questions designed to tap general knowledge about common events, objects, places, and people.
46
How many wings does a bird have?
2
47
How many nickels make a dime?
2
48
What is steam made of?
Water vapor
49
Who wrote Tom Sawyer?
Mark Twain
50
What type of questions does the Comprehension category ask?
Questions designed to measure practical knowledge and understanding of social rules and concepts.
51
What should you do if you see someone forget his book when he leaves a restaurant?
Return the book to the restaurant
52
What is the advantage of keeping money in a bank?
Earn interest and security
53
Why is copper often used in electrical wires?
High conductivity
54
What type of questions does the Arithmetic category require?
Solving a series of arithmetic problems mentally.
55
If Sam had three pieces of candy and Joe gave him four more, how many pieces of candy did Sam have altogether?
7
56
Three women divided 18 golf balls equally among themselves. How many golf balls did each person receive?
6
57
If two buttons cost 15 cents, what will be the cost of a dozen buttons?
90 cents
58
What type of questions does the Similarities category present?
Two words that represent common objects or concepts.
59
In what way are a lion and a tiger alike?
Both are big cats
60
In what way are a saw and a hammer alike?
Both are tools
61
In what way are an hour and a week alike?
Both are units of time
62
In what way are a circle and a triangle alike?
Both are geometric shapes
63
What does retain mean?
To keep possession of
64
What does robust mean?
Strong and healthy
65
What does sojourn mean?
A temporary stay
66
What does harass mean?
To disturb or annoy persistently
67
What does desultory mean?
Lacking a plan or purpose
68
What does inclement mean?
Severe or harsh (usually referring to weather)
69
What does the Digit Span test measure?
Attention span and working memory
70
Digits forward: 3-9. Correct response?
3-9
71
Digits backward: 4-7. Correct response?
7-4
72
What is the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test?
A test where the taker defines a word by choosing the correct picture.
73
What does Raven’s Progressive Matrices test?
Abstract reasoning using nonverbal patterns.
74
What is the Army Alpha test known for?
One of the earliest group-administered intelligence tests.
75
What is the difference between achievement tests and aptitude tests?
Achievement tests assess what a person has learned; aptitude tests predict future performance.
76
What is standardization in testing?
Defining norms of performance for comparison among test takers.
77
What is reliability in the context of tests?
The consistency of test scores.
78
What is validity in testing?
The extent to which a test predicts what it is designed to predict.
79
What does a normal distribution of IQ scores look like?
Most values fall near the average, forming a bell curve.
80
What is the Flynn effect?
The phenomenon of rising IQ scores over time.
81
What is one criticism of intelligence tests?
They may not measure a broad set of mental capabilities.
82
How can IQ tests be misinterpreted?
As fixed traits rather than abstract concepts predicting performance.
83
What was the 1927 Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell about?
The right of states to sterilize individuals judged to be feeble-minded.
84
What does it mean for a test to be free of bias?
It predicts academic performance equally well across different demographic groups.
85
What was established in the 1979 case Larry P. v. Wilson Riles?
That intelligence tests were biased against black children.
86
What was the outcome of the Larry P. v. Wilson Riles case?
The tests were deemed biased and should not be used to place black children in special education classes.
## Footnote
This case highlighted concerns about racial bias in intelligence testing.
87
In the PASE v. Hanon case, what was the ruling regarding IQ tests?
The IQ tests were ruled not biased, except for a few items.
## Footnote
This case was also focused on the fairness of intelligence testing.
88
What does Spearman's g factor represent?
General intelligence, a common mental capability underlying all intellectual tasks.
## Footnote
Spearman proposed this in 1904 after observing correlations among mental tests.
89
List the seven primary mental abilities identified by Louis L. Thurstone.
* Verbal comprehension
* Verbal fluency
* Number or arithmetic ability
* Memory
* Perceptual speed
* Inductive reasoning
* Spatial visualization
## Footnote
Thurstone's theory challenged Spearman's concept of general intelligence.
90
What are the two types of intelligence proposed by Cattell and Horn?
* Fluid intelligence (gf)
* Crystallized intelligence (gc)
## Footnote
Fluid intelligence is biologically based, while crystallized intelligence is learned through experience.
91
What does Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences propose?
There are multiple intelligences, each part of an independent system in the brain.
## Footnote
Gardner initially identified seven intelligences, later adding an eighth.
92
Who exemplifies linguistic intelligence according to Gardner?
T. S. Eliot
## Footnote
Linguistic intelligence involves aptitude with speech and language.
93
What is the definition of practical intelligence in Sternberg's triarchic theory?
Skill in everyday living and adapting to life demands.
## Footnote
It reflects a person's ability to succeed in real-world settings.
94
True or False: According to Sternberg, analytic intelligence is the same as general intelligence.
True
## Footnote
Analytic intelligence involves reasoning and processing information.
95
What is the significance of the term 'correlation' in Spearman's research?
It measures the degree to which two variables are associated and vary together.
## Footnote
Spearman found that high scores on one test correlated with high scores on others.
96
In Gardner's theory, what is an example of a person with spatial intelligence?
Pablo Picasso
## Footnote
Spatial intelligence involves perceiving visual and spatial information.
97
Fill in the blank: Sternberg's theory consists of three main aspects: analytic intelligence, ________, and practical intelligence.
creative intelligence
## Footnote
Creative intelligence is about using past experiences to deal with new situations.
98
What did critics argue about Gardner's multiple intelligences theory?
It is based more on intuition than empirical studies and lacks tests for specific intelligences.
## Footnote
Critics also believe some identified intelligences should be considered talents.
99
What method did Spearman develop to analyze intelligence tests?
Factor analysis
## Footnote
This method helped identify clusters of tests measuring common abilities.
100
What did Cattell's investment theory explain?
How biological endowments contribute to learned skills and knowledge.
## Footnote
This theory links fluid and crystallized intelligence.
101
List the eight intelligences proposed by Gardner.
* Linguistic intelligence
* Logical-mathematical intelligence
* Spatial intelligence
* Musical intelligence
* Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
* Interpersonal intelligence
* Intrapersonal intelligence
* Naturalist intelligence
## Footnote
Gardner's theory suggests that individuals have unique profiles of these intelligences.
102
What is practical intelligence?
The ability to adapt to real-world environments
## Footnote
People with high practical intelligence may or may not perform well on standard IQ tests.
103
According to Sternberg, what are the three areas of intelligence that 'successfully intelligent' people are aware of?
Strengths, weaknesses, abilities
## Footnote
They figure out how to capitalize on their strengths, compensate for their weaknesses, and further develop their abilities.
104
What is a criticism of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
Scientific studies do not support the proposed triarchic division
## Footnote
Some critics believe practical intelligence is not distinct but predicted by general intelligence.
105
What neurological differences have been found in relation to IQ?
Adults with higher IQs show different patterns of electrical activity in the brain
## Footnote
Higher IQ individuals tend to have lower rates of metabolism for cortical glucose when solving difficult problems.
106
What does PET stand for in the context of neurological studies?
Positron emission tomography
## Footnote
PET scans show metabolic differences in brain activity based on IQ levels.
107
What metaphor do researchers use to understand human intelligence in new approaches?
Computer as a metaphor for the mind
## Footnote
They study how artificial intelligence relates to human information processing.
108
Who introduced the concept of emotional intelligence?
Peter Salovey and John Mayer
## Footnote
They defined it as the ability to perceive, understand, express, and regulate emotions.
109
What is the definition of emotional intelligence?
The ability to perceive, understand, express, and regulate emotions
## Footnote
Emotionally intelligent people can use their emotions to guide thoughts and behavior.
110
Who popularized the concept of emotional intelligence in his book?
Daniel Goleman
## Footnote
He expanded the concept to include general social competence.
111
How does Douglas Detterman compare general intelligence?
To a complex system like a university, city, or country
## Footnote
IQ tests provide a global rating reflective of many cognitive processes and learning experiences.
112
What is the implication of Detterman's theory on understanding general intelligence?
It requires understanding how cognitive processes of the brain work
## Footnote
Mental tests tend to correlate because they are part of a unified system.
