Chapter 1 Flashcards
(20 cards)
1
Q
Emergent Properties
A
- New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
- Novel properties that emerge at each level that is absent from the preceding one
- Properties that are not evident in the individual components of a system, but show up when combining those components
- Ex. Two hydrogens and one oxygen added together emerge as water, but by itself are completely different. A tire by itself does not do anything, but a tire with a body and handles creates a bike that works
2
Q
Systems Biology
A
- The exploration of the network of interactions that underlie the emergent properties of a system
- Looks at how different living organisms interact at many different scales
- Ex. Every human being: Our systems include organs, tissues, cells
3
Q
List the 10 levels of biological organization
A
- The Biosphere
- Ecosystems
- Communities
- Populations
- Organisms
- Organs
- Tissues
- Cells
- Organelles
- Molecules
4
Q
Eukaryotic Cells
A
- All plant and animals are composed of these cells
- Contains membrane-enclosed organelles
- The only cell to contain organelles such as the DNA containing nucleus
5
Q
Prokaryotic Cells
A
- Bacteria and archaea
-Lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles - Generally smaller than Eukaryotic cells
6
Q
Genome
A
- The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organisms’s or virus’s genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences
7
Q
Genomics
A
- The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species
- The study of complete sets of DNA
8
Q
Proteomics
A
- The systematic study of the full protein sets encoded by genomes
- The study of proteomes and their functions
9
Q
Bacteria (Domain Bacteria)
A
- The most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are now classified into multiple kingdoms
- One of two Prokaryotic Domains
- (Domain Bacteria)
10
Q
Archaea (Domain Archaea)
A
- Live in earth’s extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs
- One of two Prokaryotic Domains
- (Domain Archaea)
11
Q
Kingdom Plantae (Domain Eukarya)
A
- Plants
- Consists of multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to the chemical energy in food. Most plant species live on land
(Domain Eukarya)
12
Q
Kingdom Fungi (Domain Eukarya)
A
- Characterized by the nutritional mode of its members (such as mushrooms), which absorb nutrients from outside their bodies
- (Domain Eukarya)
13
Q
Kingdom Animalia (Domain Eukarya)
A
- Consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms
- (Domain Eukarya)
14
Q
Protists (Domain Eukarya)
A
- Mostly unicellular eukaryotes and some relatively simple multicellular relatives
- (Domain Eukarya)
15
Q
Inductive Reasoning
A
- Drawing conclusions going from specific to general
- Ex. A scientist observes that many butterflies visit red colored flowers but not yellow covered flowers in the same garden. Then scientists can say that butterflies are attracted to red flowers
16
Q
Deductive Reasoning
A
- Drawing conclusions going from general to specific
- Ex. All dogs have ears, so a golden retriever which is a dog, will have ears
17
Q
Controlled Experiment
A
- Designed to compare an experimental group with a control group
- Scientific test done under controlled conditions
18
Q
Independent Variable
A
- The factor manipulated by the researchers
- Ex. When experimenting with how fertilizer affects plant growth, the fertilizer is the independent variable because this is the variable that you change
19
Q
Dependent Variable
A
- The factor being measured that is predicted to be affected by the independent variable
- Ex. When experimenting with how fertilizer affects plant growth, the plant growth is the dependent variable
20
Q
A
