Unit 2: Chapters 4&5

Question 1

List the basic features of all cells

4 answers

Answer 1

1. Plasma Membrane
2. Cytosol/ Cytoplasm
3. Chromosomes
4. Ribosomes

Question 2

What are the main characterstics in a Prokaryotic Cell, that differ from Eukaryotic Cells

4 answers

Answer 2

1. No Nucleus
2. DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
3. No memrbane-bound organelles
4. Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

Question 3

What are the main characterstics in a Eukaryotic Cell, that differ from Prokaryotic Cells

4 answers

Answer 3

1. DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membrane nuclear envelope
2. Membrane-bound organelles
3. Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane & nucleus
4. Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells

Question 4

Emdosymbiosis

Definition

Answer 4

A theory on how membrane-bound organelles evlved from once free-living Prokaryotic cells into Eukaryotic cells

Question 5

Which cells have a greater surface area to volume ratio

Is this good or bad?

Answer 5

1. Small Cells have a greater ration
2. It is good because it enhances the cells ability to obtian resources, eliminate waste, acquire or dissipate thermal energy, and exchange chemicals and energy within the environment

Question 6

What is the positive effect of an organelle have membrane folds

Answer 6

More complex structures with membrane folds, help increase an organelles ability to exchange material with the environemnt

Question 7

What is the nucleus

Answer 7

An area that contains most of the cell’s genes

Question 8

What is the nuclear envelope

Answer 8

It encloses the nucleus, and separates it from the cytoplasm

Question 9

What is the nuclear membrane

Answer 9

A double membrane; each membrane consts of a lopod bilayer

Question 10

What do pores in the nucleus do

Answer 10

They regulate the entry and exit fo molecules from the nucleus

Question 11

What is the nuclear lamina

Answer 11

A network of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus

Question 12

What is the Nucleolus

Answer 12

1. It is located within the nucleus
2. It is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
3. Where Ribosomes are formed

Question 13

List the functions of the Ribosome

Three answers

Answer 13

1. Comprise ribosomal RNA and protein
2. Synthesize protein according to mRNA seuqnece
3. Found in all forms of life, reflecting the common ancestry of all known life

Question 14

Which two locations are proteins found in

Answer 14

1. In the cytosol
2. Outside the ER or the nuclear envelope

Question 15

Functions of Rought ER

Answer 15

• Compartmentalizes the cell
• Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins
• Distributes transport vesicles, which play a role in intracellular transport
• Is a membrane factory for the cell

Question 16

Functions of Smooth ER

Answer 16

1. Detoxification & Poisons and lipid synthesis
2. Metabolizes carbohydrates
3. Stores calcium ions

Question 17

Description and Function of the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 17

• A membrane-bound structure that consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisterna
• The correct folding and chemical modification of newly synthesized proteins from the ER and packaging for protien trafficking by vesicles
• Manufactures certain macromolecules

Question 19

Description and Function of Lysosomes

Answer 19

• A membrane sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which are important in intracellular digestion, the recycling of a cell’s organic materials, and programmed cell death
• Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acid
• Some types of cell can engulf another cell by phagocytosis; this forms a food vacule
• Fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules

Question 20

Description and Function of Vacuoles

Answer 20

• large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
• Central Valcuoles: found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and aid in retention of water for turgor pressure

Question 21

Description and Function of the Mitochondria

Answer 21

• The site of cellular respiration: a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
• Has a double membrane
• In nearly all eukaryotic cells
• Outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds
• Electron transport and ATP synthesis occur on the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 22

Description and Function of the Chloroplasts

Answer 22

• Found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis
• Have a double outer membrane
• They include Thylakoids, Granum, Stroms: the internal fluid
• Thylakoid membranes contian chlorophyll pigments & electron transport proteins that compirse the photosystems

Question 24

What are Peroxisomes

Answer 24

• Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
• Produce hydrogen peroxide adn convert it to water
• Perform reactions with many different functions

Question 25

Description and Function of the cytoskeleton

Answer 25

- A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm - Organizes the cell's strcutre and activities, anchoring many organelles - Helps to support the cell and maintian its shape - Interacts with motor proteins to produce motility - Inside the cell, vesicles and other organelles can "walk" along the track provided by the cytoskeleton

Question 26

List the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

Answer 26

- Microtubes: Shape and suppport the cell - Microfilaments: Bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell - Intermediate filaments: Support cell shape and fix organelles in place

Question 27

Description and Function of the Cell Wall ## Footnote Only in plant cells

Answer 27

- Distruingishes plant cells from animal cells - Protect the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water - Made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein - Plasmodesmata: channels between adjacent plant cells