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AP Biology > Unit 1: Chapters 2&3 > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chapters 2&3 Flashcards

Entire Unit (101 cards)

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1
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom

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2
Q

Compound

A

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

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3
Q

Emergent Properties

A

A compound has chemical and physical properties different from the elements that make them. Ex. You are made of hydrogen and oxygen, but when they are combined it creates an entirely different reaction

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4
Q

Essential Elements

A

Needed by an organism to live a healthy life and reproduce

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5
Q

Trace Elements

A

Required to live a healthy life and reproduce only in minute quantities

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6
Q

What can humans develop from an iron deficiency

A

Anemia: A condition where blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. What makes our blood red

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7
Q

What can humans develop from an iodine deficiency

A

Goiter, an enlarged thyroid gland

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8
Q

Atom

A

Basic unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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9
Q

Atomic Number

A

The amount of protons in the atom of the element

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10
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The mass of the nucleus (protons + neutrons) of the element

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11
Q

Isotope

A

An atom of the same element that has different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus. Identified by mass number

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12
Q

Radioactive Isotopes

A

Have nuclei that break down at a constant rate over time, giving off energy

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13
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to cause change, maybe, by doing work

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14
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy that matter possess due to its location or structure

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15
Q

Energy level

A

An electrons state of potential energy

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16
Q

Valence electrons

A

Chemical behavior of an atom depends mostly on the number of electrons in this outermost shell

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17
Q

Valence Electrons

A

Those that occupy the valence shell. They are most likely to form ionic bonds, because it means that they can lose an electron in the outer shell to the ones with paired electrons

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18
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

The sharing or transferring of valence Electrons from atoms with incomplete valence shells. Can be ionic or covalent

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19
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

The sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms, creates molecules. Three types of these: SIngle bonds, Double bond, and Triple bond

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20
Q

Electronegativity

A

An atoms attraction for the electron in a covalent bond. When you have more electrons than the other

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21
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

The atoms share the electron equally

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22
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

One atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally

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23
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

WHen a more electronegative atom takes an electron away from its partner to create ionic compounds or salts. The chemical bond that is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Bully

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24
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom. Type of bond when a hydrogen atom creates a weak attraction to an electronegative atom of another molecule

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25
Chemical Reaction
Process that changes on set of chemicals into another
26
Reactants
Elements or compounds that enter the chemical reaction
27
Products
Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction
28
Cohesion
An attraction between molecules of the same substance. Causes molecules to be drawn inwards, this why water forms drops on smooth surfaces
29
Surface Tension
Ability to stretch the surface of a liquid, and this is why insects can "walk on water"
30
Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
31
Capillary Action
How water moves from the roots of plants to the stems and leaves. This occurs because of Cohesion and Adhesion
32
Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion
33
Thermal ENergy
A measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion
34
Temperature
Represents the average kinetic energy of molecules
35
Heat
Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another
36
Evaporative Cooling
As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools. Helps stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water
37
Solution
A liquid that is a homogenous mixture of substances
38
Solvent
The dissolving agent of a solution
39
Solute
The substance that is dissolved
40
Aqueous Solution
A solution is which water is the solvent
41
Hydration Shell
When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules, called this
42
Hydrophilic
A substance that has an affinity for water. Water loving
43
Hydrophobic
A substance that does not have an affinity for water. Water fearing
44
Colloid
A stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid
45
Acid
Any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution
46
Base
Any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution
47
What is Carbon used to build?
Organic compounds or biological macromolecules such as: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid; MANY other things. Carbon is also used in storage compounds and cell formation in all organisms
48
What is Nitrogen used to build
Proteins and nucleic acids
49
What is phosphorus used to build
Nucleic acids and certain lipids
50
Valence Electrons
Unpaired electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
51
Hydrocarbons
A lot of what we use to fuel our lives. Organic molecules consisting of only carbon & hydrogen. Can undergo reaction that release a large amount of energy
52
Isomers
Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same element, but different in structure, therefore have different properties
53
Structural Isomers
Different in the covalent arrangement of their atoms
54
Cis-trans isomers
Differ in their spatial arrangement due to the inflexibility of a double bond
55
Enantiomers
Differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon. AN L isomer is a left-handed isomer (the hydrogen is on the left). A D Isomer is a right-handed isomer (the hydrogen is on the right)
56
Cis Fats
Generally good for health unless consumed in unreasonably high quantities. Occur naturally. Usually low, some Cis Fats are liquid at room temperature
57
Trans Fats
Detrimental. Lowers good cholesterol and increases the level of bad cholesterol in the body. Harmful to heart health could cause cardiac death. While some natural trans fats occur in meat and dairy products, the majority of trans fats come from processed foods. Usually high, trans fats, like saturated fats, are solid at room temperature
58
Functional Groups
Chemical groups that affect molecule function by being directly involved in chemical reactions
59
ATP
An important source of energy for the cellular process. Adenosine, Triphosphate
60
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
61
Monomers
The building-block molecules in polymers
62
Dehydration Synthesis
Removes a water molecule forming a new covalent bond between Monomers. is helped my enzymes
63
Hydrolysis
Adds a water molecule to break a covalent bond between Monomers. Is helped by Enzymes
64
Polymerization
When Monomers bond together the Polymers are formed
65
Carbohydrates
Includes sugars and the polymer of sugars
66
Monosaccharides
Serve as a major fuel for cells & raw material for building molecules for our molecules. Classified by the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton and the placement of the carbonyl group. Simple Sugars
67
Disaccharide
Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
68
Glycosidic Linkage
The covalent bond that is formed when a disaccharide is formed
69
Polysaccharides
The Polymers of sugars, have storage and structure. COmplex carbohydrates comprise sugar Monomers ho structures determine the properties and functions of the molecules
70
Starch
A storage polysaccharide of plants, consisting entirely of glucose Monomers. The simplest form of starch is amylose
71
Glycogen
A storage polysaccharide in animals. Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells
72
Cellulose
A structural Polysaccharide, a major component of the tough wall of plant cells. Passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber
73
Chitin
A polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods. Also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi
74
Soluble Fiber
Loses cholesterol, regulates blood sugar, helps maintain healthy weight, supports gut flora
75
Insoluble Fiber
Prevents and relieves constipation, promotes intestinal health
76
Gene
An amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by this unit of inheritance
77
mRNA
Controls protein synthesis (protein creation)
78
Lipids
A class of large biological molecules that are not true polymers & are nonpolar "macromolecules"
79
Saturated Fat
Solid at room temperature, increases levels of "bad" cholesterol. Ex. meats, butter, dairy products
80
Unsaturated Fat
Liquid at temperatures, increase the level of "good" cholesterol. Ex. Vegetable oil
81
Steroids
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
82
Polypeptides
Unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
83
Primary Strucutre
A structure determined by the sequence order of their constituent amino acids
84
Secondary Structure
A structure that arises through local folding of the amino acid chain into elements such a as alpha-helices and beta-sheets
85
Tertiary Structure
an overall three-dimensional shape of the protein that often minimizes free energy
86
Quaternary Structures
Structures that arises from interactions between multiple polypeptide units
87
What is the monomer of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
88
What is the monomer of Lipids
Fatty acids and glycerol
89
What is the monomer of Proteins
Amino Acids
90
What is the monomer of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
91
What are the functions of Carbohydrates
Quick energy storage, structural support, glycogen (animals), cellulose and starch (plants)
92
What are the functions of Lipids
Long term energy storage, insulation, protective covering, lubrication (plants), phospholipids, hormones
93
What are the functions of Proteins
Muscle contraction, oxygen transport, immune responses, chemical reactions, control cell process, carrier proteins, enzymes
94
What is the structure of Carbohydrates
CHO, a ring form
95
What is the structure of Lipids
CHO, branched structure
96
What is the structure of proteins
CHON, chained or branched structure
97
What is the structure of Nucleic Acids
CHONP, branch to chains w/ rings
98
Are Carbohydrates Water Soluble
Yes
99
Are Lipids Water Soluble
No
100
Are Proteins Water Soluble
Many
101
Are Nucleic Acids Water Soluble
Yes

AP Biology (3 decks)

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