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chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

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2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

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3
Q

How are Anatomy and Physiology related?

A

Function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form

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4
Q

What does Gross or macroscopic anatomy study?

A

Large, visible structures

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5
Q

What does Microscopic anatomy focus on?

A

Structures too small to be seen by the naked eye

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6
Q

What is Cytology?

A

Microscopic study of cells

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7
Q

What is Histology?

A

Microscopic study of tissues

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8
Q

What does Developmental anatomy study?

A

Anatomical and physiological development throughout life

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9
Q

What is Embryology?

A

Study of developments before birth

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10
Q

What is required to study anatomy?

A

Knowledge of anatomical terminology and ability to observe, manipulate, palpate, and auscultate

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11
Q

What are the primary topics of Physiology based on?

A

Organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)

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12
Q

What levels of structural organization exist in the human body?

A
  • Chemical level
  • Cellular level
  • Tissue level
  • Organ level
  • Organ system level
  • Organismal level
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13
Q

What are the necessary life functions for maintaining life?

A
  • Maintaining boundaries
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness
  • Digestion
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Reproduction
  • Growth
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14
Q

What does maintaining boundaries refer to?

A

Separation between internal and external environments

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15
Q

What is the role of the muscular system in movement?

A

Allows movement of body parts via skeletal muscles and substances via cardiac and smooth muscles

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16
Q

What is contractility?

A

Movement at the cellular level

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17
Q

What is responsiveness in the context of life functions?

A

Ability to sense and respond to stimuli

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18
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood

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19
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells, including catabolism and anabolism

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20
Q

What is excretion?

A

Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

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21
Q

What is reproduction at the cellular level?

A

Division of cells for growth or repair

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22
Q

What is growth in the context of life functions?

A

Increase in size of a body part or of the organism

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23
Q

What are the survival needs of humans?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen
  • Water
  • Normal body temperature
  • Appropriate atmospheric pressure
24
Q

What are the types of nutrients necessary for survival?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Fats
  • Minerals and vitamins
25
Why is oxygen essential for survival?
It is necessary for the release of energy from foods
26
What role does water play in the body?
It provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions
27
What happens if body temperature falls below or exceeds 37°C?
Rates of chemical reactions are affected
28
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment
29
What are the components of homeostatic control?
* Receptor * Control center * Effector
30
What is the role of the receptor in homeostatic control?
Monitors environment and responds to stimuli
31
What does the control center do in homeostatic control?
Determines set point at which variable is maintained and appropriate response
32
What is the function of the effector in homeostatic control?
Receives output from control center and provides the means to respond
33
What is negative feedback?
Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
34
What is an example of negative feedback in the body?
Regulation of body temperature
35
What is positive feedback?
Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
36
What is an example of positive feedback?
Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
37
What is the anatomical position?
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body
38
What do directional terms describe?
One body structure in relation to another body structure based on standard anatomical position
39
What are the two major divisions of the human body?
* Axial * Appendicular
40
What are the three most common body planes?
* Sagittal plane * Frontal (coronal) plane * Transverse (horizontal) plane
41
What does the sagittal plane divide?
The body vertically into right and left parts
42
What is the difference between midsagittal and parasagittal planes?
Midsagittal is cut on midline; parasagittal is off-centered
43
What does the frontal (coronal) plane divide?
The body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
44
What does the transverse (horizontal) plane divide?
The body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
45
What are the two main body cavities?
* Dorsal body cavity * Ventral body cavity
46
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
* Cranial cavity * Vertebral cavity
47
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
* Pleural cavities * Mediastinum * Pericardial cavity
48
What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
* Abdominal cavity * Pelvic cavity
49
What are serous membranes?
Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in the ventral body cavity
50
What is the pericardium associated with?
Heart
51
What is the pleurae associated with?
Lungs
52
What is the peritoneum associated with?
Abdominopelvic cavity
53
What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?
* Right upper quadrant (RUQ) * Left upper quadrant (LUQ) * Right lower quadrant (RLQ) * Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
54
What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?
* Right hypochondriac region * Epigastric region * Left hypochondriac region * Right lumbar region * Umbilical region * Left lumbar region * Right Iliac (inguinal) region * Hypogastric region * Left iliac (inguinal) region
55
What is a common clinical issue that occurs from confusion about anatomical terms?
Wrong site surgery
56
What are examples of smaller body cavities that are exposed to the environment?
* Oral and digestive cavities * Nasal cavity * Orbital cavities * Middle ear cavities
57
What are synovial cavities?
Joint cavities that are not exposed to the environment

a&p 1 (2 decks)

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