Chapter 1 Flashcards by Mia Eovino

Anatomy

Describes the structures of the body
–> what they are made of
–> where they are located
–> associated structures

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Physiology

Study of functions of anatomical structures and individual and cooperative functions

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Gross anatomy

macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures

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Examples of gross anatomy

Surface, regional, sectional, systemic, clinical, developmental

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Microscopic anatomy

Examines cells and molecules

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Cytology

study of cells

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Histology

study of tissues

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Examples of human physiology

cell, organ, systemic, pathological

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Patients present with ____ and _____. Physicans use ______ to reach a diagnosis by evaluating observations

signs; symptoms; scientific method

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Levels of organization of living things

chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organism level

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integumentary system (major organs and functions)

organs: skin, hair, sweat glands and nails
Functions: protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature and provides sensory information

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skeletal system (major organs and functions)

organ: bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow

functions: provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells

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muscular system (major organs and functions)

organs: skeletal muscles and associated tendons

functions: provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temperature

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nervous system (major organs and functions)

organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

functions: directs immediate reponse to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ system and provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

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anatomical position

hands at sides, palms forward

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supine

lying down, face up

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prone

lying down, face down

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frontal

forehead

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cephalic

head

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cranial

skull

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facial

face

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oral

mouth

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mental

chin

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axillary

armpit

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bracial

arm

antecubital

front of elbow

nasal

nose

ocular, orbital

eye

otic

ear

buccal

cheek

cervical

neck

thoracic

thorax, chest

mammary

breast

abdominal

abdomen

umbillical

navel

trunk

thoracic, mammary, abdominal, umbilical, pelvic

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

palmar

palm

pollex

thumb

digits

fingers or toes

patellar

kneecap

crural

leg

tarsal

ankle

hallux

great toe

pelvic

pelvis

manual

hand

inguinal

groin

pubic

pubis

femoral

thigh

acromial

shoulder

dorsal

back

olecranal

back of elbow

cephalic

head

lumbar

loin

gluteal

buttock

popiteal

back of knee

sural

calf

calcaneal

heel of foot

plantar

sole of foot

Epigastric region

above stomach, top middle

Umbilical region

middle

hypogastric (pubic) region

bottom middle

Hypochondriac region

Left + Right , upper part

Lumbar region

Left and right, middle part

Inguinal region

Left and right, bottom part

Body cavities

protect organs from shocks and impacts Permit signifcant changes in size and shape of internal organs

ventral body cavity | location 2 cavitys in ventral body cavity

anterior surface or toward the front or belly divided by diaphragm --> thoracic cavity --> abdominopelvic cavity

Body cavities contain _____ (internal organs)

viscera

thoracic cavity

2 pleural cavities lined by pleura membrane pleura membrane has a parietal and visceral layer

mediastinum

pericardial cavity lined by pericardium membrane the pericardium surrounds the heart pericardium membrane has a parietal and visceral layer

abdominopelvic cavity

houses most of viscera **abornominal cavity:** superior to iliac crest **pelvic cavity:** inferior to iliac crest **retroperitoneal:** posterior to peritoneum both lined by peritoneam layer (parietal/visceral layer)

visceral layer

lays on surface of the organs

parietal layer

lays on the body cavity wall

homeostasis

body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment

maintainance within a normal range various physiological requirements

1. body temp. 2. fluid balance 3. BP 4. response to injury 5. blood volume 6. reproduction 7. mineral, and organic chemical concentration

autoregulation

intrinsic, automatic response in a cell, tissue or organ enviromental change. localized

extrinistic regulation

responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems. whole body response

A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of

**1. receptor** --> receieves the stimulus **2. control center** --> processes the signal and sends instructions **3. effector** --> carries out instructions

Negative feedback

response of effector negates the stimulus body is brought back to homeostasis --> normal range is maintained --> internal conditions are maintained to point or desired value

positive feedback

stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions rapid amplification to achieve a GOAl

Examples of positive feedback

1. Labor in Childbirth : Goal is delivery 2. Blood Clotting: Goal is stop the bleed 3. Nerve Conduction: Goal is rapidity of signal 4. Protein Digestion: Goal is full breakdown ofnutrients

Chapter 1 Flashcards

(82 cards)