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A&P 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

cell theory

A
  1. the functional unit of all organisms
  2. all cells come from division of preexisting cells
  3. cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
  4. each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
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2
Q

centrosome and centrioles

A

cytoplasms containing 2 centrioles at right angles; each centriole is composed of 9 microtubule triplets in a 9 + 0 array
functions: esstential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton

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3
Q

cytoskeleton

A

proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes
functions: strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins and carbohydrates
functions: isolate; protection; sentitivity; support; controls entry and exit of materials

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5
Q

microvilli

A

extensions of plasma membrane containing microfilaments
function: increase SA to faciliate absorption

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6
Q

cilia

A

long extensions of plasma membrane containing microtubules. two types: primary and motile
functions: a primary cilium acts as a sensor. motile cilia move materials over cell surfaces

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7
Q

proteasomes

A

hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends
functions: breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins

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8
Q

ribosomes

A

RNA + proteins; fixed ribosomes bound to RER; free ribosomes in cytoplasm
function: protein synthesis

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9
Q

golgi apparatus

A

stacks of flattened membranes (cistern) containing chambers
modifies and packages secretions for release from cell
adds or removes carbohydrates to or from proteins
renews or modifies the plasma membrane
packages special enzymes within vesicles (lysosomes) for use in the cytoplasm

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10
Q

The proteins are then modified within the E R. Regions of the E R then bud off, forming
__________ containing modified ______ and ______.
the transport vesicles carry them from E R toward
the Golgi apparatus. The transport vesicles then fuse to create the forming _______of the Golgi apparatus.
Multiple transport vesicles combine to form cisternae on the cis face. Further protein and
glycoprotein modification and packaging occur as the cisternae move toward the maturing
_____ face. Small transport vesicles return resident Golgi proteins to the forming cis face
for reuse.
The maturing trans face (“shipping side”)
generates vesicles that carry modified
proteins away from the Golgi apparatus. One
type of vesicle becomes a ______, which
contains digestive enzymes.

A

transport vesicles; proteins and glycoproteins; cis face (“recieving side”); trans; lysosome

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11
Q

Two other types of vesicles proceed to the plasma
membrane: secretory and membrane renewal.
________ fuse with the plasma membrane
and empty their products outside the cell by
exocytosis. ______________ add new
lipids and proteins to the plasma membrane

A

secretory vesicles; membrane renewal vesicles

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12
Q

mitochondria

A

double membrane with inner membrane folds (Cristal) enclosing important metabolic enzymes
function: produces 95% of the ATp required by the cell

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13
Q

mitchondrial energy productio

A

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, ETC

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14
Q

ER

A

storage chambers known as cisternae
rough ER has ribosomes and modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins
smooth ER synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
storage of synthesized molecules and materials
transport of materials withint he ER
detoxifications of drugs or toxins

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15
Q

what does smooth ER synthesize?

A

phospholipids and cholestrol (for membranes
steroid hormones (for reproductive system)
glycerides (for storage in liver and fat cells)
glycogen (for storage in muscle and liver cells)

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16
Q

RER

A

active in protein and glycoprotein synthesize
folds roteins into secondary and teriary structures
encloses products in transport vesicles for delivery to Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

peroxisomes

A

small enzyme containg vesicles
break down organic compounds such as fatty acids
produce the free radical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Catalase converts H2O2 to oxygen and water

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18
Q

lysosomes

A

powerful enzyme-containing vesicles produced by golgi apparatus
vesicles containing digestive enzymes
function: intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens

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19
Q

primary lysosomes

A

contain inactive enzymes

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20
Q

secondary lysosomes

A

formed when primary lysosome fuse with damaged organelles and enzymes are activated

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21
Q

lysosome activation occurs when

A

(a) A primary lysosome fuses with
the membrane of another organelle,
such as a mitochondrion
(b) A primary lysosome fuses with an
endosome containing fluid or solid
materials from outside the cell
(c) The lysosomal membrane breaks
down during autolysis following
cellular injury or death

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22
Q

autolysis

A

self destruction of damaged or inactive cells
–> lysosome membranes break down
–> digestive enzymes released
–> cell is destroyed
–> cellular materials are recycled

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23
Q

functions of plasma membrane

A
  1. physical boundary
  2. regulation of exchange with the environment
  3. sensitivity to the environment
  4. structural support
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24
Q

plasma membrane lipids

A

phospholipid bilayer

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25
membrane proteins
integral proteins peripheral proteins
26
plasma membrane protein functions
1. anchoring proteins 2. recognition protein 3. enzymes 4. receptor proteins 5. carrier proteins 6. channels 7. gated channels
27
glycocalyx coating on surface of cells
made of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids functions: 1. lubrication and protection 2. anchroing and locomotion 3. specificity in bidning (function as receptors) 4. recognition (immune response)
28
microfilaments
thin filaments of protein actin --> provide mechanical strength --> adjust consistency of cytosol --> interact with thick filaments of myson for muscle contraction --> create microvilli
29
intermediate filaments
durable, strengthen and stabilize tissues, cells and organelles
30
microtubules
tubulin proteins attach to centrosome move organelles within the cell with the help of motor proteins form spindle apparatus to distribute chromosomes form centrioles and cilia
31
flagellum
whip-like extension of cell membrane on the male sex cell
32
nuclear envelope
double membrane around the nucleus
33
perinuclear space
between two layers of the nuclear envelope
34
nuclear pores
communiation passages in nuclear envelope
35
nuclear matrix
in the nucleoplasm and supports filaments
36
nucleoli
nuclear organlles, synthesize rRNA and assmble ribosomal subunits made of RNA, enzymes and histones
37
nucleosome
DNA coiled around histones, lightly coiled into chromatin in non-dividing cells, tightly coiled chromosoems form before division
38
genetic code
chemical language of DNA instructons
39
gene
DNA instructions for one protein, functional unit of heredity
40
gene activation
uncoiling DNA and temporarily removing histones
41
transcription
synthesize of mRNA from DNA template
42
Process of transcription
RNA polymerase binding 1. RNA polymerase nucleotide linking ▪ Begins at “start” signal in promoter region ▪ Reads DNA code ▪ Binds nucleotides to form mRNA in three-base sequences known as codons 2. Detachment of mRNA ▪ Enzyme and mRNA strand detach from DNA at “stop” signal
43
Translation
– After leaving nucleus, mRNA binds to ribosomal subunits in cytoplasm – Each mRNA codon translates to one amino acid – Amino acids are delivered by transfer RNA (tRNA) – A tRNA anticodon binds to a complementary mRNA codon – Enzymes join amino acids with peptide bonds – At stop codon, components separate
44
Plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Restrict materials based on:
size, electrical charge, molecular shape and lipid solubility
45
passive transport
no energy required
46
active transport
energy required
47
diffusion
Net movement of a substance from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration ▪ Molecules in solution move randomly ▪ Random motion causes mixing
48
concentration gradient
Difference between high and low concentrations of a substance
49
factors influencing diffusion
1. Distance 2. Ion and molecule size Smaller = faster 3. Temperature More heat = faster 4. Concentration gradient Steeper gradient = faster 5. Electrical forces Opposites attract, like charges repel
50
simple diffusion
-->Lipid-soluble compounds (alcohols, fatty acids, and steroids) -->Dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) -->Water molecules
51
channel mediated diffusion
▪ Water-soluble compounds and ions ▪ Affected by size, charge, and interaction with channel walls
52
osmosis
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
53
Water molecules diffuse across a membrane toward
the solution with more solutes
54
osmotic pressure
The force with which pure water moves into a solution as a result of solute concentration
55
hydrostatic pressure
pressure needed to block osmosis
56
Osmosis occurs more rapidly than solute diffusion. Why?
Because water can cross a membrane through abundant water channels (aquaporins), which outnumber solute channels
57
Isotonic solution
equal solute concentration to the cell
58
hypotonic solution
lower solute concentration thant the cell
59
hypertonic solution
higher solute concentration than the cell
60
carrier mediated transport
proteins transport ions or organic substrates across plasma membrane 1. specificity (one transport protein, one set of substrates) 2. saturation limits (rate depends on availability of transport proteins and substrates) 3. regulation (cofactors such as hormones affect activity of carrier)
61
symport (cotransport)
two substances move in the same direction at the same time
62
antiport (countertransport)
one substance moves in while another moves out
63
ion pumps
move ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)
64
exchange pumps
move two ions in opposite directions at the same time
65
primary active transport
pumping solutes against a concentration gradient using ATPs
66
sodium potassium exchange pump
one ATP powers the movement of 2 sodium ions (Na+) out, and two potassium ions (K+) in
67
secondary active transport
ATP is required to establish a concentration gradient of one substance in order to passively transport antoher
68
example of secondary transport
Na+ concentration gradient drives glucose transport into cells. ATP is used to pump Na+ back out
69
endocytosis (definition and 3 kinds)
importion of extracellular material packaged within vesicle, which required ATP 1. receptor mediated: regulated 2. pinocytosis: cell takes in a solution 3. phagocytosis: cell takes in a particle

A&P 1 (3 decks)

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