Chapter 2

Question 1

Prinicipal elements in the human body

Answer 1

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous, potassium

Question 2

properties of water

Answer 2

–> 2/3 of total body weight
–> produces solutions
–> universal solvent
–> serves as reactant in some reactions
–> high heat capacity
–> lubrication
–> polar molecule
–> many inorganic compounds split into smaller molecules via dissociation in water
–> ionization is dissociation into ions
–> water molecules form *hydration spheres *to keep solutes in solutions

Question 3

Colloid

Answer 3

solution containg dispersed proteins or other large molecules

Question 4

Suspension

Answer 4

contains large particles that settle out of solution

Question 5

pH

Answer 5

the negative logarithmic scale of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution in moles per liter

Question 6

acidic pH

Answer 6

lower than 7.0; H+>OH-

Question 7

basic pH

Answer 7

higher than 7.0; OH->H+

Question 8

acid

Answer 8

proton doner; solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution

Question 9

base

Answer 9

roton acceptor; solute removes hydrogen ions from solution

Question 10

salt

Answer 10

solute that dissociates into cations and anions other than hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

Question 11

buffer systems

Answer 11

involve a weak acid and its related salt (weak base), neutralize either strong acids or strong bases

Question 12

what buffer system is important in humans?

Answer 12

carbonic acid– bicarbonate buffer system

Question 13

antacids

Answer 13

uses sodium bicarbonate to neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Question 14

Organic molecules characteristics

Answer 14

Contain H,C, and usually O
covalently bonded
containg function groups that determine their chemistry

Question 15

Carbohydrates

Answer 15

contain C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Some are isomers

Question 16

Isomers

Answer 16

molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures

Question 17

Monosaccharides

Answer 17

Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms
glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 18

disaccharides

Answer 18

2 monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis
sucrose, maltose

Question 19

polysaccharides

Answer 19

polymers of many sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis
glycogen, starch, cellulose

Question 20

lipids

Answer 20

mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils and waxes
made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 21

what groups do lipids include?

Answer 21

1. fatty acids
   2.Eicosanoids
   3.glycerides
2. steroids
3. phospholipids

Question 22

Fatty acids

Answer 22

long change of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end
relatively nonpolar, except the carboxyl group

May be
–> saturated with hydrogen (no double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail)
–> unsatured (one or more bonds in a tail)

Question 23

Eicosanoids

Answer 23

cannot be synthesized, so must be obtained from the diet
derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid

Question 24

two types of eicosanoids

Answer 24

leukotrienes: active in immune system
prostaglandins: short-chain fatty acids and local hormones

Question 25

glycerides and 3 important functions

Answer 25

fatty acids attched to a glycerol 1. energy source 2. insulation 3. protection

Question 26

steroids and example

Answer 26

component of plasma (cell) membranes cholestrol Sex hormones: estrongen and testosterone steroid hormones: corticosteroid and calcitriol steroid derivatives: bile salts

Question 27

7 protein functions

Answer 27

1. support (structural proteins) 2. movement (contractile proteins) 3. transport (transport(carrier) proteins) 4. buffering (regulation of pH) 5. metabolic regulation (enzymes) 6. coordination and control (hormones) 7. defense (antibodies)

Question 28

peptide bond

Answer 28

linked between amino acid created by dehydration synthesis resulting molecule is a peptide

Question 29

protein structure

Answer 29

primary structures: the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide (linear) secondary structure (hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats) tertiary structure: coiling and folding produce 3D shape quaternary structures: final protein complex produced by interacting polypeptides chains

Question 30

enzyme characteristics

Answer 30

catalysts proteins lower activation energy of a chemical reaction not changed or used up in the reaction substrates (reactants) bind to an active site on an enzyme

Question 31

enzymes exhibit (3 things)

Answer 31

specificity: catalyze only one type of reaction saturation limits regulation by other cellular chemicals

Question 32

cofactor

Answer 32

an ion or molecule that bidns to an enzyme before substrates can bind

Question 33

coenzymes

Answer 33

nonprotein organic cofactors (vitamins)

Question 34

denaturation

Answer 34

change in shape and loss of fucntion due to heat or pH

Question 35

glycoproteins

Answer 35

large proteins and small carbohydrates includes enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and components of plasma membranes mucus

Question 36

proteoglycans

Answer 36

large polysaccharides and polypeptides increase viscosity of fluids

Question 37

nucleic acids

Answer 37

found in the nucleus store and process information

Question 38

DNA

Answer 38

-->pair of nucleotide chains called a complementary strand -->determines inherited characteristics -->direct protein synthesis -->control enzyme production -->controls metabolism --> hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases hold the strands together

Question 39

RNA

Answer 39

single chain of nucleotides controls steps in protein synthesis

Question 40

adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

Answer 40

nucleotide that contains one phosphate group

Question 41

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Answer 41

contains 2 phosphate groups

Question 42

adneosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 42

high eneryg compound containg 3 phosphate groups

Question 43

adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)

Answer 43

enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to ADP