chapter 1 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
True or false: The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased significantly in the past 200 years.
A
true
2
Q
True or false: It is important to acknowledge how and why conditions on earth have changed over time and to take the time to understand the environmental improvements that have occurred over time.
A
true
3
Q
World population growth currently involves the addition of about 80 ______ more people each year.
thousand
million
billion
A
million
4
Q
The UN Population Division predicts that by 2050 all developed countries, and ______ percent of the developing world, will experience a below-replacement fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman.
A
75
5
Q
Which of the following terms can be defined as the complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community?
Habitat
Niche
Environment
A
environment
6
Q
Which atmospheric gas has increased by approximately 50 percent in the past 200 years?
Chlorofluorocarbon
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
A
carbon dioxide
7
Q
Which of the following statements correctly describes the current state of global hunger?
Chronic hunger occurs only in undeveloped countries.
An estimated 800 million people have chronic hunger.
Hunger is not a global issue.
A
An estimated 800 million people have chronic hunger.
8
Q
According to the text, why is it important to understand environmental improvements that have occurred in the past?
So that we are reminded that the hard work of generations before us was fruitful
Because there have been so few environmental improvements and we must be urged to do better
Because that is the only way we will know what needs fixing in the future
A
So that we are reminded that the hard work of generations before us was fruitful
9
Q
World population is currently estimated at Blank______ people.
80 million
880 million
8 billion
88 billion
A
8 billion
10
Q
The UN Environment Programme reports that, over the past century, more than 800 species have disappeared and at least 10,000 species are now considered to be ______.
A
threatened
10
Q
By 2050, we expect that all of the developed countries, and 75 percent of the developing world, will experience a below-replacement fertility rate of ____ children per woman.
A
2.1
11
Q
What type of energy resource currently provides the majority of supplies in industrialized countries?
Fossil fuels
Solar
Nuclear
Wind
A
fossil fuels
12
Q
The term _____ means “to circle or surround” and can be defined as the circumstances or conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms.
A
environment
13
Q
What are the reasons why 800 million people are suffering from chronic hunger?
Misinformation about nutritional needs
Not enough food being grown
Unequal access to resources
Violent conflicts
A
unequal access to resources
violent conflicts
14
Q
The price of photovoltaics has dropped over ______ percent since the 1980s.
10
50
90
A
90
15
Q
True or false: It is important to acknowledge how and why conditions on earth have changed over time and to take the time to understand the environmental improvements that have occurred over time.
A
true
16
Q
True or false: Air pollutants are linked to millions of deaths each year.
A
true
17
Q
Which of the following are involved in the large-scale loss of native species on Earth?
Habitat destruction
Widespread success of large predators such as orcas and large cats
Introduction of exotic species
Water and air pollution
A
Habitat destruction
Introduction of exotic species
Water and air pollution
18
Q
In what areas of the world is air pollution improved from what it was 50 years ago?
China
India
Europe
North America
A
Europe
North America
19
Q
As traditional, nonrenewable energy sources become scarce, the use of _____ energy sources, such as wind and biomass, will continue to increase.
A
renewable
20
Q
Inadequate sanitation and polluted ____ are estimated to contribute to the death of more than 5 million children annually.
A
water
21
Q
Which of the following are true regarding recent trends with water resources?
The number of people facing food insecurity has increased.
Hundreds of millions of people have gained access to modern sanitation.
Water supply exceeds water demand nearly everywhere.
Some waterborne infectious diseases have declined dramatically.
A
Hundreds of millions of people have gained access to modern sanitation.
Some waterborne infectious diseases have declined dramatically.
22
Q
European countries, in particular, are actively cutting their use of ___ fuels and switching to renewable resources for energy production
A
fossil
23
Q
Composed of aerosols, dust, and smog, _____ pollution is particularly bad in India and China; this pollution can and does travel long distances to affect places far removed from where it was created.
A
air
24
Literacy and access to education are ___ in most regions of the world.
increasing
25
Compared to 50 years ago, Blank______ cities in Europe and North America are cleaner and more livable now.
many more
fewer
no
many more
26
Which of the following terms is a measure of the environmental demands placed by individuals and nations?
Global hectares
Environmental resistance
Ecological footprint
Ecological footprint
27
Which of the following natural resources is considered the most critical in terms of future supply and demand?
Timber
Fertile soil
Freshwater
Buildable land
freshwater
28
In the past 30 years, more than 800 million people have ______.
gotten access to better water supplies and sanitation
lost their access to clean water
died due to a lack of clean drinking water
gotten access to better water supplies and sanitation
29
Which of the following is a likely result of the increased speed at which new ideas, technologies, and strategies are expanding around the world?
Developed nations will suffer as developing nations thrive.
Developing nations will benefit from the mistakes made by industrialized nations.
Developing nations will suffer as other nations thrive.
Developing nations will benefit from the mistakes made by industrialized nations.
30
An ecological ____ is a measure that calculates demands placed on nature by individuals and nations.
footprint
31
Islands such as Tobago and Mauritius successfully preserved natural areas in the ______, when scientists pointed out the destruction caused by intensive colonial production of varying commodities such as sugar.
mid-1900s
1700s
First century B.C.
1700s
32
List the following distinct stages of environmental activism in their order of occurrence, starting with the earliest stage at the top.
Global environmental citizenships
a growing concern about health and ecological damage caused by pollution
Moral and aesthetic nature preservation
pragmatic resource conservation
pragmatic resource conservation
Moral and aesthetic nature preservation
a growing concern about health and ecological damage caused by pollution
Global environmental citizenships
33
Aldo Leopold and John Muir were considered ______ because they believed that nature should be protected and that all living things had a fundamental right to exist.
conservationists
preservationists
preservationists
34
Early environmental thinkers such as John Muir and Teddy Roosevelt agreed that ______.
natural lands should be preserved and left completely untouched
nature and resources should be available to everyone
nature and resources should be controlled by the elite
nature and resources should be available to everyone
35
Theodore Roosevelt and his conservation officer Gifford Pinchot practiced utilitarian conservation, believing that natural resources should be managed ______.
as if the earth were a living being
because it is ethically correct
to champion the rights of other organisms
and developed for the benefit of humans
and developed for the benefit of humans
35
People have identified environmental problems and worked to protect nature ______.
beginning with the colonization of North America
as early as thousands of years ago
only since the 1960s
as early as thousands of years ago
36
The idea that nature has a right to exist for its own sake, whether it is useful to humans or not, is ______.
biocentric preservation
utilitarian conservation
environmentalism
biocentric preservation
37
Which of the following are the four distinct stages into which conservation history and environmental activism can be divided?
Global environmental citizenship
Transcendental movement of thought and literature
Pragmatic resource conservation
Moral and aesthetic nature preservation
Growing concern about health and ecological damage caused by pollution
Global environmental citizenship
Pragmatic resource conservation
Moral and aesthetic nature preservation
Growing concern about health and ecological damage caused by pollution
38
Gifford Pinchot and Theodore Roosevelt believed in ______, which supported the idea that resources should be protected for use by humanity.
preservation
conservation
conservation
39
Rising levels of pollution were the primary reason behind the rise of the modern ______ movement.
preservation
environmental
conservation
environmental
40
The book, Silent Spring, warned of the looming threat of ______.
resource depletion
global warming
overpopulation
pollution and toxic chemicals
pollution and toxic chemicals
41
Match the person with the type of environmental work they were involved with.
Theodore Roosevelt
John Muir
Aldo Leopold
Rachel Carson
Theodore Roosevelt: U.S. President that established the framework for national park system
John Muir: First president of the Sierra Club; associated with Yosemite National Park - Aldo Leopold: Author who championed land stewardship; wrote Sand County Almanac
Rachel Carson: Through Silent Spring, awakened people to the threat of pollution
42
What is 350.org?
A website that helps you to determine your ecological footprint
A radical political organization that promotes eco-warfare
A student organization that demonstrates about climate change
A book that raised awareness to widespread pollution in the 1960s
A student organization that demonstrates about climate change
43
Early environmental leaders who practiced ______ believed a forest should be saved and managed because the wood could be used by humans for fuel and for construction.
utilitarian conservation
biocentric preservation
the Gaia hypothesis
utilitarian conservation
44
Match the person to the type of social-justice-through-environmental-quality work they promoted.
Van Jones
Dr. Wangari Maathai
Van Jones - Created green jobs in the United States
Dr. Wangari Maathai - Founded the Green Belt Movement in Kenya
45
John Muir was an outspoken proponent of biocentric preservation, claiming that nature ______.
should be left completely untouched
should be utilized to full human advantage
had a fundamental right to exist
had a fundamental right to exist
46
What is the name of the idea that we need to protect the planet and its systems as a whole?
Pangeaics
The Gaia hypothesis
Global environmentalism
WWV, or Whole-World View
Global environmentalism
47
Which of the following is the leading cause of the modern environmental movement?
Rising levels of many types of pollution
Regulations set in place by state governments
Rising levels of air pollution only
Rising levels of water pollution only
Rising levels of many types of pollution
48
The 2015 lawsuit Juliana v. United States involved 21 young people suing the governing for failing to protect them from the hazards of ______.
greenhouse gas emissions
water pollution
nuclear waste
PFOS
greenhouse gas emissions
49
Rachel Carson's book ____ ____ was the beginning of modern environmentalism.
Silent Spring
50
Bill McKibben started the group ___ .org that works to raise awareness about climate change.
350
51
Dr. Wangari Maathai and Van Jones are both known for promoting ____ justice through environmental quality.
social
52
Global environmentalism ______.
focuses our efforts on protecting specific watersheds
focuses our efforts on the life-support systems of the whole planet
reminds us that we all share a common environment
shifts our attention away from questions of preserving just a particular landscape
focuses our efforts on the life-support systems of the whole planet
reminds us that we all share a common environment
shifts our attention away from questions of preserving just a particular landscape
53
Teenager Greta Thunberg is known for drawing attention to the ____ crisis.
climate
54
Which of the following represent ways in which poverty can lead to environmental degradation?
People congregate in areas without adequate sanitation.
Small family farms practice crop rotation.
Forests are cut down in order to grow food.
Soil is overworked and quickly loses its nutrients.
People congregate in areas without adequate sanitation.
Forests are cut down in order to grow food.
Soil is overworked and quickly loses its nutrients.
55
The type of development that involves social progress without environmental devastation is ____ development.
sustainable
56
Even though the amount of people living below the international poverty line has dropped dramatically in the past 30 years, there are still about ______ people who live on less than $1.90 US per day.
700 million
1 billion
8 million
700 million
57
The least-developed countries have ______ infant mortality rates compared to the most-developed countries. This is just one type of quality-of-life indicator.
nearly the same
much higher
somewhat higher
somewhat lower
much higher
58
The majority of people living below the international ____ line are women and children.
poverty
58
The richest nations consume more than their share of resources and create more than their share of ____ .
pollution
59
True or false: Poverty and environmental degradation are very closely linked.
true
60
Air pollution and Blank______ emissions have risen dramatically in China over the past 20 years because of their massive consumption of coal for electricity generation.
ozone
CO2
methane
CO2
61
What concept refers to "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs"?
Cultural affluence
Sustainable development
Biocentric preservation
sustainable development
62
true or false: Buying hand-made goods through a fair trade organization is an example of sustainable development.
true
63
Choose all the quality of life indicators that represent the least-developed countries.
Secondary education for 95% of females
Secondary education for 17% of females
A life expectancy of 81 years
A life expectancy of 63 years
A GDP of (U.S.)$2,122 per year per person
A GDP of (U.S.)$41,395 per year per person
Secondary education for 17% of females
A life expectancy of 63 years
A GDP of (U.S.)$2,122 per year per person
64
Growth can occur without increased resources consumption, such as increased commitment to ______.
the single-family housing market
having every adult own their own vehicle
the arts and entertainment
the arts and entertainment
65
Which of the following accurately describes the environmental impact of richer nations in comparison to poorer ones?
Richer nations create less pollution than poorer nations because they have better technology.
Per person, richer nations consume more natural resources.
Richer nations tend to emit more CO2.
Only poor nations have major pollution problems.
Per person, richer nations consume more natural resources.
Richer nations tend to emit more CO2.
66
This graphic represents the 17 _____ ______ Goals initiated in 2016 by the United Nations.
sustainable development
67
China has used the fossil fuel ____ as a cheap energy source to support its growth and development in the last 30 years.
coal
68
What is the name of the 15-year effort from 2000-2015 by the United Nations that included improving literacy, health, and access to water?
Sustainable Development Goals
Millenium Development Goals
UNILHAW
Millenium Development Goals
69
Farmers can practice sustainable development by producing foods ______.
and transporting them long distances to people who need them
on pieces of land that they have deforested through slash and burn
while simultaneously protecting soil and water resources
while simultaneously protecting soil and water resources
70
Extreme poverty could be eliminated ______ if rich countries donated approximately 0.7% of their national income for development in poor countries.
immediately
by the end of the century
in the next couple of years
in the next couple of years
71
Growth industries such as the arts, education, and leisure are based primarily on ______ as a resource.
metallic minerals
human ingenuity
fossil fuels
human ingenuity
72
According to the Worldwatch Institute, which of the following are expected consequences of inadequate foreign aid?
Persistent problems with terrorism
Persistent problems with war
Increased response to natural disasters
Global instability
Persistent problems with terrorism
Persistent problems with war
Global instability
73
The Sustainable Development Goals promoted by the United Nations include which of the following?
Eliminating nuclear power
Providing safe water and clean energy
Eliminating severe poverty and hunger
Promoting communal living
Promoting gender and economic equality
Providing safe water and clean energy
Eliminating severe poverty and hunger
Promoting gender and economic equality
74
Eight Millenium Development Goals were promoted from 2000 - 2015 by the ____ _____ in order to improve literacy, health, access to clean water, children's welfare, and other goals.
United Nations
75
true or false: Buying hand-made goods through a fair trade organization is an example of sustainable development.
true
76
Which of the following correctly describes the impact that increased international aid from rich to poor countries would make regarding the issue of extreme poverty?
A very small increase could eliminate extreme poverty in less than 5 years.
Extreme poverty could be eliminated but it would take approximately 50 years to do so.
A large increase would be needed to make even a small dent in extreme poverty.
A very small increase could eliminate extreme poverty in less than 5 years.
77
The United Nations Development Programme has estimated that it would take about Blank______ per year to abolish extreme poverty around the world and the worst infectious diseases over the next 20 years.
(U.S.)$135 million
(U.S,)$1.35 billion
(U.S.)$135 billion
(U.S.)$135 billion
78
Managing common resources, using the particular knowledge of indigenous people, and valuing ecosystem services are some of the core concepts of ____ development.
sustainable
79
Throughput is a term that refers to the amount of ______.
materials needed to support the people living in any one area
material or resources that flow through a system
material needed to create a sustainable ecosystem
material or resources that flow through a system
79
Services provided by environmental systems are called _____ services.
ecosystem
80
Choose all answers that could be considered examples of ecosystem services.
Carbon capture by green plants
Decomposition of wastes by fungi and bacteria
Production of atmospheric oxygen by plants
Sunspot cycles
Carbon capture by green plants
Decomposition of wastes by fungi and bacteria
Production of atmospheric oxygen by plants
81
The North Atlantic cod fisheries, once one of the world's greatest fish populations, was functionally destroyed by a free-for-all of unregulated fishing by fleets of many nations. This is a classic example of ______.
sustainable management
the managing of the commons
the tragedy of the commons
the tragedy of the commons
82
Which of the following are considered to be core concepts in sustainable development?
Indigenous peoples hold distinct knowledge about biodiversity.
Ecosystem services is a term for goods, products, and services we rely on.
Shared resources and ecosystem services can be described as commons.
An increase in affluence will bring about positive environmental change.
Indigenous peoples hold distinct knowledge about biodiversity.
Ecosystem services is a term for goods, products, and services we rely on.
Shared resources and ecosystem services can be described as commons.
83
The amount of material or resources that flow through a system is described as _______.
throughput
84
The sustainable development of shared resources is called "Blank______", an idea published by the 2009 Nobel Prize winner Elinor Ostrom.
managing the commons
there's enough for all
not too much, not too little
getting your share
managing the commons
85
What are ecosystem services?
Ways in which humans can interfere positively in environmental processes
The services and processes provided by environmental systems
The ways in which we use nature for profit
The services and processes provided by environmental systems
86
Water purification, production of food and atmospheric oxygen by plants, and the decomposition of wastes by fungi would all be considered ____ services.
ecosystem
87
This image shows calculated planetary boundaries which are environmental ______.
limits beyond which change is irreversible
services that can be economically valued
processes that we will try to recreate on Mars
limits beyond which change is irreversible
88
The essay entitled "Tragedy of the Commons" argued that population growth ______.
sometimes leads to overuse and then destruction of common resources
inevitably leads to overuse and then destruction of common resources
is not at all linked with the destruction of common resources
inevitably leads to overuse and then destruction of common resources
89
The potential loss of the world's 6,000 distinct languages is of ecological concern because ______.
with the loss of a language comes the loss of valuable ecological wisdom
the loss of those languages will bring increased loss in biodiversity
with the loss of a language comes the loss of valuable ecological wisdom
90
Managing common resources, using the particular knowledge of indigenous people, and valuing ecosystem services are some of the core concepts of _____ development.
sustainable
91
The 2009 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was given to Elinor Ostrom for promoting the idea of managing the commons. Successful cases of this concept shared which of the following characteristics?
Strong social networks among users
Heavy monetary investment by those involved
The ability to exclude outsiders who did not understand the rules of use
Effective and inexpensive monitoring of resources
Strong social networks among users
The ability to exclude outsiders who did not understand the rules of use
Effective and inexpensive monitoring of resources
92
Which of these planetary boundaries have we already passed the point or irreversible damage?
Climate change
Freshwater use
Extinction rate
Ozone depletion (stratosphere)
Extinction rate
93
Understanding the customs of ____ people will increase our understanding of ecological processes and biodiversity. Many still live in their traditional homelands and possess important information regarding the surrounding ecosystems.
indigenous
94
Ethics can be defined as your sense of ______.
worth
well-being
what is right and wrong
what is right and wrong
95
Environmental ethics extends _____ and inherent value to plants, animals, and nonliving items such as water, rocks, and mountains.
moral
96
That a tree exists in nature would be its ______ value, whereas the money that could be made on its timber sales would be its ______ value.
ecological; anthropocentric
inherent; instrumental
ethical; instrumental
inherent; instrumental
97
According to the text, many religious leaders are including stewardship in their messages. In so doing, they urge us to take care of ______.
our eternal souls
animals
others
all the resources we have been given
all the resources we have been given
97
The Ohito Declaration was written by representatives of nine major ______ and outlines spiritual principles and courses of action that concern earth's environment.
faiths
98
Your sense of right and wrong are your ______.
stewardship
ethics
values
ethics
99
Civil rights and environmental protection come together in environmental _____, with a goal that everyone has a safe and healthy place to live.
justice
100
Match the following environmental ethics terms with their correct definitions.
Ethics
Moral extensionism
Inherent value
Instrumental value
Ethics A sense of right and wrong correct
Moral extensionism Widening the circle of value to include the environment
Inherent value The intrinsic right for nature to exist
Instrumental value Drop zone Significance relating to usefulness
101
The acronym LULU stands for a _____ _____ _____ use.
locally unwanted land
102
Match the following concepts with their respective definition.
Inherent values
Instrumental values
Inherent values An intrinsic right to live or exist
Instrumental values The usefulness of something to someone
103
The concept of ______ involves taking care of the resources we are given and inspires many religious leaders to promote conservation.
enlightenment
ethics
stewardship
stewardship
104
Environmental racism refers to the ______.
equitable distribution of environmental hazards based on gender
equitable distribution of environmental hazards based on race
inequitable distribution of environmental hazards based on gender
inequitable distribution of environmental hazards based on race
inequitable distribution of environmental hazards based on race
105
Many faith-based groups promote the idea of ______ and believe they are spiritually called to take care of earth's natural resources.
naturalism
stewardship
justice
stewardship
106
Native American communities are desired sites for waste disposal because they ______.
are located in areas very closed to large cities
tend to generate a lot of waste
are sovereign nations, exempt from environmental regulations concerning waste storage and disposal
are sovereign nations, exempt from environmental regulations concerning waste storage and disposal
107
Environmental _____ is inequitable distribution of environmental hazards based on race.
racism
108
Environmental ______ gives equal protection to everyone.
justice
ethics
law
justice
109
The practice of shipping waste to communities dominated by minorities in poor nations is called ____ colonialism.
toxic
110
A recent study of LULUs revealed a ______ correlation between minorities and LULUs.
strong
weak
strong
111
Native American communities are desired sites for waste disposal because they are exempt from certain environmental regulations.
True
False
true
112
Toxic colonialism refers to the practice of ______.
taking away the rights of the poor in developed nations
targeting poor communities of color in the developing nations for waste disposal or experimentation with risky technologies
taking away the land of the poor in developed nations and settling there ourselves
targeting poor communities of color in the developing nations for waste disposal or experimentation with risky technologies
