chapter 3 Flashcards by Emma McCrory

Carbon-based, or ______ compounds are the foundation of organisms.
photosynthetic
atomic
organic

organic

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Matter changes phase as it absorbs more energy. Rank the following phases from low energy intensity at the bottom to high energy intensity at the top.
solid
liquid
plasma
gas

plasma
gas
liquid
solid

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The principle of conservation of matter states that matter ______.
can be recycled
cannot be destroyed or created
can be converted to different
forms
is readily converted to energy
cannot be transformed

can be recycled
cannot be destroyed or created
can be converted to different forms

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Matter consists of ____, which are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary chemical reactions.

elements or atoms

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The four elements that make up more than 96 percent of the mass of most living organisms are ____, ____, ____, and _____.

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen

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Organic compounds, those that are ______-based, are the foundation of organisms.
phosphorus
nitrogen
carbon

carbon

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The nucleus of an atom contains _____ and _____. A “cloud” of electrons surrounds the nucleus.

protons
neutrons

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Which of these statements reflect real-world implications of the principle of conservation of matter?
Nutrients, water, and other matter can cycle endlessly through living organisms and earth systems.
Nutrients washing offshore in Chesapeake Bay do not disappear; they will remain in the estuary system or the oceans until they are cycled out.
When you throw away garbage, it does not really disappear.
Nutrients washing offshore can readily be converted to other phases.
Nutrients washing offshore can be absorbed indefinitely by an estuary, such as the Chesapeake Bay.

Nutrients, water, and other matter can cycle endlessly through living organisms and earth systems.
Nutrients washing offshore in Chesapeake Bay do not disappear; they will remain in the estuary system or the oceans until they are cycled out.
When you throw away garbage, it does not really disappear.

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In chemistry, elements ______.
are the primary form of energy
are rarely found in ionic form
readily change from one form to another
have distinct chemical characteristics

have distinct chemical characteristics

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Atoms join to form ______, and a pair or group of atoms that can exist as a single unit is called a ______.
compounds; molecule
solids; gas
electrons; nucleus

compounds; molecule

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Which of the following are among the unique characteristics of water?
It has a high heat of vaporization.
It has a high specific heat.
It expands when it freezes.
It freezes at very high temperatures.
It can exist as a liquid, gas, or solid.

It has a high heat of vaporization.
It has a high specific heat.
It expands when it freezes.

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An atom is the smallest particle ______.
that exhibits characteristics of an element
into which an element can be divided
that exists

that exhibits characteristics of an element

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Atoms often gain and lose electrons, giving them a negative or positive electrical charge. These charged atoms are _____.

ions or ionic

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Which of the following statements is true regarding molecules and compounds?
Molecules always consist of less than 24 atoms, and compounds always consist of 24 or more atoms.
Molecules consist of just one element, and compounds are composed of different kinds of elements.
Molecules and compounds are both made of atoms.

Molecules and compounds are both made of atoms.

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A positively charged ion has one or more ______, making it a cation.
extra protons
missing electrons
missing protons
extra electrons

missing electrons

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The numbers of the pH scale, such as 3 for soda or 13 for bleach, represent the negative logarithm of their ______ ion concentration.
oxygen
hydrogen
acid
base

hydrogen

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Match the following characteristics of water to the correct description of why that characteristic is essential to life on earth.
Molecules are polar.
Water remains liquid at a wide range of temperatures.
Molecules are cohesive.

Molecules are polar: Dissolves substances easily
Water remains liquid at a wide range of temperatures: Helps organisms to function in cool and warm conditions
Molecules are cohesive: Aids capillary action and surface tension

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Order these acids and bases by their pH, starting with the lowest pH on top.
bleach
hydrochloric acid
seawater
soda pop
ammonia
coffee

hydrochloric acid
soda pop
coffee
seawater
ammonia
bleach

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Organic compounds are primarily made of chains and rings of ______ atoms.
carbon
correct
nitrogen
oxygen

carbon

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A human body is composed of trillions of _____, of which there are about 200 different types with varying functions that help to carry out life processes.

cells

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Table salt (NaCl) dissolves in water to form Na+ and Cl-.
Identify which ion is an anion and which is a cation.
Na+
Cl-

Na+ : cation
Cl- : anion

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All the energy and matter exchanges that occur within a living cell or organism is ______.
decomposition
photosynthesis
metabolism

metabolism

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The scale that is used to represent hydrogen ion concentrations in water, and differentiates acids and bases, is the _____ scale.

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Determine where acids and bases fall on the pH scale.
bases
acids

bases: greater than 7
acids: lower than 7

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Chains and rings of carbon atoms form the skeletons of ______. radioactive compounds water molecules organic compounds

organic compounds

Which of the following are components of a cell? Wall or membrane Tissue Nucleus Organelles Skin

Wall or membrane Nucleus Organelles

Metabolism involves ______. cell death and decomposition all the energy and matter exchanges that occur within a living cell or organism the selective entry of certain molecules through the cell wall

all the energy and matter exchanges that occur within a living cell or organism

Which of the following statements about energy are true? Temperature always changes as heat is added to a mass. Calories are a measure of kinetic energy. A mass can have a high heat content but a low temperature. Low-quality energy is not generally as easy to use as high-quality energy.

A mass can have a high heat content but a low temperature. Low-quality energy is not generally as easy to use as high-quality energy.

Calories and Joules are measurements of _____.

energy

What is the relationship between heat and temperature? It is an inverse relationship. Heat and temperature are the same phenomenon. We measure a change in temperature in an object that absorbs heat.

We measure a change in temperature in an object that absorbs heat.

There is a tremendous amount of heat stored in the ocean but it is dispersed and difficult to collect, so we call it _____-quality.

low

The ______ law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. first second third

first

The ability to do work, such as moving matter over a distance, is _____.

energy

Which of these accurately describe the degradation of energy as it is used? Heat energy in fuel is converted to chemical bonds when it is burned. Chemical energy in food is converted to heat energy. Chemical energy in food is converted to kinetic energy in an animal. Heat energy in an animal is converted to the kinetic energy of running.

Chemical energy in food is converted to heat energy. Chemical energy in food is converted to kinetic energy in an animal.

The second law of thermodynamics states that ______. as energy is transformed, less energy is available for work kinetic energy is degraded to chemical energy entropy tends to increase there is no way to capture lost low-quality energy

as energy is transformed, less energy is available for work entropy tends to increase

Select the two common measurements of energy. Joule Temperature Watt Calorie

joule calorie

As a substance absorbs heat, it may either ______ or ______. Choose the 2 answers that fit. acquire a lower temperature undergo a phase change acquire a higher temperature lose energy

undergo a phase change acquire a higher temperature

The process in which bacteria use chemical bonds between inorganic elements to provide energy for synthesis of organic molecules is ______. photosynthesis chemosynthesis extremosynthesis

chemosynthesis

Ecology is the scientific study of ______. all living things energy transfers and conversions the relationships between organisms and their environment

the relationships between organisms and their environment

The original Latin meaning of the term species is ______. kind animal population group

kind

A population is ______, and a biological community is ______. all the living components of an ecosystem; all the nonliving components of an ecosystem (e.g., soil, water, and air) all the members of a species living in a given area at the same time; all the populations living and interacting in a particular area made up of many species; made up of only one species

all the members of a species living in a given area at the same time; all the populations living and interacting in a particular area

In general, an ecosystem includes ______. organisms and nonliving factors in their environment the nonliving factors that support life all organisms in an area

organisms and nonliving factors in their environment

Green plants, algae, and some bacteria capture solar radiation and convert it to organic molecules in a process called ______.

photosynthesis

Green plants and algae are primary _____.

producers

The scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment is _____.

ecology

In biology, the term species generally refers to all organisms ______. of a kind that live in an area similar enough to produce fertile offspring in nature that have similar appearances and behaviors

similar enough to produce fertile offspring in nature

Productivity in an ecosystem relates to the ______. rate of photosynthesis in a given area amount of biomass produced in a given area during a given time period quantity of nutrients found in the soil number of offspring an individual species is capable of having per year

amount of biomass produced in a given area during a given time period

A(n) ______ is all the members of a species living in a given area at the same time, and a(n) ______ is all the populations living and interacting in a particular area. organization; ecosystem population; biological community food chain; food web

population; biological community

In general, food ______ are more complex than food ______. hierarchies; pyramids chains; webs pyramids; hierarchies webs; chains

webs; chains

We think of ecosystems as systems because ______. all parts are readily measured or weighed all elements exist entirely within the ecosystem's boundaries energy and matter flow through, and are stored in, the component parts material neither leaves nor enters

energy and matter flow through, and are stored in, the component parts

An organism's trophic level relates to ______ in an ecosystem. the quantity of food it eats the number of predators it has its feeding status

its feeding status

From the list below, choose all that are producers. Lobsters Algae Plants Cats

Algae Plants

An organism that eats other organisms is a(n) _____.

consumer

The amount of biomass (biological material) produced in a given area during a given period of time is ______. chemosynthesis photosynthesis respiration productivity

productivity

______ eat plants only. ______ eat flesh only. ______ eat plants and animal matter. ______ eat dead carcasses. ______ eat litter, debris, and dung. ______ eat remnant organic material. Detritivores; Scavengers; Herbivores; Omnivores; Decomposers; Carnivores Decomposers; Detritivores; Scavengers; Carnivores; Omnivores; Herbivores Herbivores; Carnivores; Omnivores; Scavengers; Detritivores; Decomposers

Herbivores; Carnivores; Omnivores; Scavengers; Detritivores; Decomposers

The energy that moves through a food web or chain is used for movement and the generation of _____, which dissipates to the surrounding environment.

heat

A linked feeding series is a food _____; an interconnected arrangement of several predator and prey relations generally inhabiting the same ecosystem is a food _____.

chain web

As a general rule of thumb, each trophic level has about ______ as much energy as the trophic level below it in the pyramid. two times one-tenth 1/100th 2/1,000th

one-tenth

An organism's feeding status in an ecosystem is its ______. species type population level trophic level consumer level

trophic level

Match the organism type to the correct kind of food it consumes. Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Scavenger Detritivore Decomposer

Herbivore: plants only Carnivore: flesh only Omnivore: both plants and animals Scavenger: dead carcasses Detritivore: litter, debris, and dung Decomposer: organic materials remnants

In a trophic pyramid, less energy is available at the top (top predators) as compared to the bottom (primary producers). Where does the energy go as it is used in the ecosystem? Organisms at the top of the pyramid store most of the energy as fat, and this means that it is unavailable for use. Organisms in each trophic level live and grow, which requires energy and thus some energy dissipation, so less energy is available to transfer up to the next level in the pyramid. Producers' high-quality chemical energy is transformed to lower-quality energy forms (heat) that dissipates to the environment as organisms move. All the energy at one level in the pyramid is lost as heat and becomes unavailable to the next level up in the trophic pyramid.

Producers' high-quality chemical energy is transformed to lower-quality energy forms (heat) that dissipates to the environment as organisms move. Organisms in each trophic level live and grow, which requires energy and thus some energy dissipation, so less energy is available to transfer up to the next level in the pyramid.

There are more rabbits than foxes in an ecosystem because ______. rabbits overconsume the available food sources, leaving little energy for foxes energy is degraded and dissipated within a trophic level and as it is transferred to successively higher trophic levels in the pyramid foxes cannot reproduce as frequently as rabbits energy accumulates at higher trophic levels

energy is degraded and dissipated within a trophic level and as it is transferred to successively higher trophic levels in the pyramid

In the hydrologic cycle, which of these processes are responsible for redistributing water around earth and among ecosystems? Percolation to groundwater Runoff Evaporation Transpiration Perspiration Atmospheric circulation Humidification

Percolation to groundwater Runoff Evaporation Transpiration Perspiration Atmospheric circulation

In the carbon cycle, CO2 is taken in by plants through the process of _______.

photosynthesis

Rank the following carbon cycle exchanges by placing the process that moves the most carbon at the top and the one that moves the least at the bottom. photosynthesis by land plants land clearing, burning burning of fossil fuels photosynthesis by marine plankton

photosynthesis by land plants photosynthesis by marine plankton burning of fossil fuels land clearing, burning

In what form is carbon stored in rock layers in the earth? Coal Magma Granite

coal

Carbon sinks are best described as ______. geological layers of the earth that crumble and fall into the ocean depths sources of carbon, such as from cellular respiration and combustion storage/deposit locations for carbon

storage/deposit locations for carbon

In the hydrologic cycle, the majority of water that undergoes ______ comes from the oceans. After that, it condenses into clouds and precipitation follows.

evaporation

Which of the following are major processes in the carbon cycle? Photosynthesis Respiration Evaporation Precipitation

Photosynthesis Respiration

Nitrogen is important to living things because it is ______. the only atmospheric molecule that bacteria can break down to form organic molecules, and without it all bacteria would die involved in absorbing large quantities of ultraviolet radiation from the sun that would otherwise reach the earth's surface causing cell damage an essential component of proteins, enzymes, DNA, and other organic compounds

an essential component of proteins, enzymes, DNA, and other organic compounds

Which two carbon cycle components have essentially the same amount of carbon exchange in gigatons (Gt) per year? Land clearing/burning and marine plankton photosynthesis Respiration (from soil and plants) and photosynthesis by land plants Marine plankton respiration and the burning of fossil fuels

Respiration (from soil and plants) and photosynthesis by land plants

Match the form of carbon to the correct storage compartment in the ecosystem. sugar molecules calcium carbonate coal and oil carbon dioxide

sugar molecules: plants calcium carbonate: shells and skeletons of marine organisms coal and oil: Earth's sediments and rock layers carbon dioxide: atmosphere

Why is it important that nitrogen be "fixed"? It involves converting it from a gaseous state into forms that are useful to plants. After fixation it can never return to a gaseous form, so it is no longer a contributor to global climate change. It involves breaking the molecules and compounds down so that they can fit through cell walls.

It involves converting it from a gaseous state into forms that are useful to plants.

Which of the following are examples of important carbon sinks? Insects Oceans Expansive boreal forests Atmosphere

Oceans Expansive boreal forests

Our atmosphere plays a ______ part in the nitrogen cycle, as nitrogen gas (N2) makes up about ______ percent of our atmosphere. key; 78 small; 12 very minimal; 0.001

key; 78

Since 1945, human inputs have led to more than double the amount of nitrogen in circulation. Select all the sources of this additional nitrogen. Burning of fossil fuels in car engines and industrial furnaces Burning of forests for agricultural expansion Synthetic ammonia fertilizers Increasing numbers of ruminant animals Spread of nitrogen-fixing soybeans

Burning of fossil fuels in car engines and industrial furnaces Synthetic ammonia fertilizers Spread of nitrogen-fixing soybeans

What very common element on Earth is important to living things because it is an essential component of proteins, enzymes, DNA, and many other organic molecules?

nitrogen

True or false: Phosphorus is an essential component of all cells.

true

Nitrogen ______ involves capturing atmospheric forms and converting them into forms usable by plants. fixing splitting compounding

fixing

True or false: Bacteria play an important part in driving the global nitrogen cycle.

true

Which of the following is not a human source of increased nitrogen in circulation? Increased lightening strikes Burning of fossil fuels in car engines Synthetic ammonia fertilizers

Increased lightening strikes

Heat stored in the ocean is of ______. low-quality because it is hard to capture and use high-quality because there is such an immense quantity of it comparable energy quality to the chemical energy stored in oil, coal, or natural gas

low-quality because it is hard to capture and use

Which statement best describes the way the quality of energy normally changes as it moves through a system? Energy quality tends to increase or intensify. Energy degrades or dissipates. Usefulness of energy tends to increase.

Energy degrades or dissipates.

he first law of thermodynamics states that energy ______. cannot be transformed cannot be created or destroyed under normal conditions readily transforms to mass

cannot be created or destroyed under normal conditions

Scientists are interested in extremophiles for many reasons, one of which is they ______. live in conditions that likely represent early Earth are extremely complex organisms only live in hot springs

live in conditions that likely represent early Earth

Large volumes of methane are created by microbial communities on the ocean floor. What is the primary reason this methane doesn't escape to the atmosphere? The methane is absorbed into the organic muds on the ocean floor. Other microbial communities consume it. The high pressures in the deep ocean keep the gas in the water.

Other microbial communities consume it.

The _____ law of thermodynamics recognizes that entropy (disorder, or loss of energy or organization) tends to increase in nature.

second

Undersea explorations in the 1970s revealed chemosynthetic communities with organisms capable of using the chemical bonds between the inorganic elements of ______ to provide energy for synthesis of organic molecules. water (H2O) glucose (C6H12O6) hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or hydrogen gas (H2)

hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or hydrogen gas (H2)

What is the primary molecule in photosynthesis that absorbs light energy and creates chemicals that plants use in cellular metabolism? ATP Chlorophyll NADPH Glucose

Chlorophyll

There is a tremendous amount of heat stored in the ocean but it is dispersed and difficult to collect, so we call it _____-quality.

low

The source of carbon utilized in photosynthesis by green plants is the ______. air degraded remains of other plants sugar molecules

air

The term we use to describe an organism that thrives in a variety of severe or harsh conditions is ______. fungus extremophile thermophile mutant

extremophile

What greenhouse gas is both created and consumed in vast quantities by various microbial communities on the deep ocean floor? Methane Ozone Carbon dioxide

methane

Photosynthesis is an energy conversion process conducted by ______. some bacteria fungi animals green plants algae

some bacteria green plants algae

Which of these statements correctly describes the process of cellular respiration? the chemical reaction of cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide and water are broken down to produce sugars and oxygen. Sugars are broken down and combined with oxygen to release energy, water, and carbon dioxide. Cellular respiration can only occur when the sun is shining.

The chemical reaction of cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. Sugars are broken down and combined with oxygen to release energy, water, and carbon dioxide.

The process of photosynthesis can be summarized as a series of reactions during which a plant (or other photosynthetic organism) captures ______. water and carbon dioxide and produces sugars and oxygen carbon dioxide and oxygen to produce water and chlorophyll solar energy and produces carbon dioxide

water and carbon dioxide and produces sugars and oxygen

In the process of photosynthesis, plants are able to take ______ out of the air and fix it into sugar molecules. phosphorus carbon helium nitrogen

carbon

The process which breaks down simple sugar molecules and produces CO2 is cellular ______; it is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis.

respiration

Photosynthesis captures solar energy and stores it in ______. chemical bonds in sugars and carbohydrates the cells of herbivorous animals bonds formed from carbon dioxide and water chlorophyll

chemical bonds in sugars and carbohydrates bonds formed from carbon dioxide and water

chapter 3 Flashcards

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