Chapter 1, 2, 3, and 5 Test Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Psychology
A
the scientific study of behavior and mind
2
Q
Behavior
A
observable actions
3
Q
Mind
A
thoughts, emotions, sensations
4
Q
Clinical Psychologist
A
specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems (Ph. D)
5
Q
Counseling Psychologist
A
many areas from Marriage & Family to Educational Counselors
6
Q
Psychiatrists
A
medical doctors (M.D.) who specialize in psychological problems and prescribe medications
7
Q
Applied Psychologist
A
apply the principles of scientific psychological research to practical problems in the world
8
Q
Research Psychologist
A
adds to scientific knowledge-based research on behavior and the mind
9
Q
Empiricism
A
knowledge comes from experience
10
Q
Nativism
A
knowledge is innate-opposite of empiricism
11
Q
Gestalt Psychology
A
believed that humans had organizing principles of perception that were innate and not altered by experience
12
Q
Darwin
A
selected traits passed through reproduction
13
Q
Functionalism
A
created by William James; what is the function of experience; in order to understand behavior or the mind you have to understand their function
14
Q
Behaviorism
A
study observable behavior not conscious experience
15
Q
Eclectic Approach
A
we use info from more than one source instead of only one perspective
16
Q
Biological factors
A
we can see what part of the brain linked to certain behaviors or what happens when brain chemistry is off
17
Q
Evolution Psychology
A
we are born with mental processes and “software” through natural selection that helps us adapt
18
Q
Descriptive Research
A
to observe and describe behavior in a systematic manner
19
Q
Naturalistic Observation
A
type of descriptive research that records naturally occurring behavior vs behavior contrived in a lab
20
Q
Participant Observer
A
researcher becomes part of the observed
21
Q
Case Study
A
descriptive research of an individual
22
Q
Survey
A
type of descriptive research which gathers info from many people most likely using some type of questionaire
23
Q
Random Sampling
A
everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample
24
Q
Psychological Tests
A
personality, achievement, aptitude, etc.
25
Statistics
mathematical procedures to analyze data
26
Variability
how much does each score (data point) differ from all the other scores
27
Measure Variability with Range
difference between smallest and largest scores
28
Standard Deviation
distance of each score from the mean
29
Mean
the arithmetic average of a set of scores
30
Mode
the most frequently occurring score in a set of scores
31
Median
the middle point in an ordered set of scores
32
Descriptive Statistics
describes the research data
33
Inferential Statistics
procedure to determine whether data is representative of a population being studied or whether the data collected was due to change
34
Correlational Research
predicting behavior
35
Correlation
statistic that tells us if two variables are related or vary together in a systematic way
36
Correlation Coefficient
0 is no correlation. 1.00 and -1.00 are highest level of relationship
37
Correlations Do Not Determine Causality
they can predict behavior, but not explain
| why behavior occurs
38
Experimental Research
investigator will manipulate the environment to observe its effect on behavior
39
Independent Variable
aspect of the environment that is manipulated
40
Dependent Variable
behavior that is measured or observed (after the manipulation of the environment)
41
Experimental Group
receive the independent variable
42
Control Group
don’t receive the independent variable
43
Confounding Variable
a variable that we didn’t control that changes with the independent variable
44
Internal Validity
when an experiment has effectively controlled confounding variables to show cause and effect
45
Random Assignment
each participant in the study has an equal chance of being assigned to the experimental group(s) or
control group
46
Placebo
inactive or “fake” substance that resembles the treatment substance
47
Single Blind Study
the participants don’t know to which condition they have been assigned
48
Double-Blind Study
the participants and the researcher don’t know which group the participants have been assigned to
49
Informed Consent
participants are fully informed of the research & factors that might effect them before they agree to participate
50
Debrief
at the conclusion of the research study, discuss any deception and the general purpose of the study
51
Confidentiality
personal info will not be revealed without the individual’s consent
52
Animal Research
1. Control Environment
2. Control Genetics
3. Biological system is similar to humans
4. Can’t always use humans for research
53
Neuroscience
studies links between brain & behavior
54
Neuroscience Focuses on 4 Problems
1. Connecting Outside World to Brain
2. Initiating Behavior – A Division of Labor
3. Regulate Growth & Internal Functions
4. Adapting & Transmitting the Genetic Code
55
1. Connecting Outside World to Brain
info from world is translated and processed in appropriate parts of the brain
56
2. Initiating Behavior – A Division of Labor
info we received is assigned meaning and coordination of appropriate responses by specific brain areas
57
3. Regulate Growth and Internal Functions
chemical release, regulatory functions, emotional function
58
4. Adapting and Transmitting the Genetic Code
how nature and nurture interact
59
Neuron
cells that receive and transmit information
60
Sensory Neurons
carry environmental information to spinal cord & brain
61
Interneurons
transmit information from one neuron to another
62
Motor Neurons
carry messages & commands from brain & spinal cord (CNS) to muscles & glands that produce behaviors
63
Glial Cells
remove waste, help neurons communicate, insulate, control blood flow to areas of the brain
64
Myelin Sheath
white, fatty tissue the covers the axon; it speeds the transmission of the neural impulse.
65
Reflexes
automatic body reactions; controlled primarily by spinal cord (from neck down); sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron
66
Dendrites
neuron’s branching fibers that extend out from neuron and receives info from other neurons (chemical messages)
67
Soma
cell body; metabolic center
68
Axon
the long tail-like part of the neuron that sends info to other neurons, muscles, glands
69
Terminal Buttons
tiny swelling at the end of axon that contains chemicals (neurotransmitters) important for neural transmission
70
Synapse
the small gap between the terminal buttons of the neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the receiving neurons
71
Resting Potential
neuron at rest/no neural impulse
72
Action Potential
brief electrical charge that causes a neural impulse
73
Threshold
level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
74
Neurotransmitters
chemicals that are made in the brain; hold the messages that make us function.
75
Reuptake
once released, the neurotransmitters that aren’t used to send the message are taken back up by the send
76
Acetylcholine
controls muscle contractions such as in arms & legs, heart, etc; found in the hippocampus in the brain which is involved in memory
77
Dopamine
affects voluntary muscle movements (inhibits), learning, memory, emotional arousal
78
Serotonin
linked to emotions, sleep and hunger
79
Endorphins
gives a sense of pleasure and inhibits feeling pain; they are the automatic painkillers we make in our brain
80
Central Nervous System
brain & spinal cord
81
Peripheral Nervous System
- afferent or sensory neurons which send messages from the 5 senses to the brain and spinal cord
- efferent or motor neurons which send the
messages from the brain and spinal cord to the
muscles and glands
82
Interneurons
within brain and spinal cord that communicate internally between sensory and motor neurons and control our reflexive responses
83
Somatic Nervous System
controls the body’s skeletal muscles
84
Autonomic Nervous System
regulates the glands and muscles of internal organs such as the heart, stomach, etc; controls the systems
that happen automatically in the body
85
Sympathetic Nervous System
in a response to danger, anxiety or stress, we use
| energy in the body; increases heartbeat and breathing
86
Parasympathetic Nervous System
once the danger/stress/anxiety is over, the body must
| go back to resting potential and start to replenish the lost energy
87
Endocrine System
controls hormones, which are made by various glands in the body and are released into the bloodstream; controlled by Hypothalamus.
88
Hormones
chemical messengers
89
Pituitary Gland
maintains body states, growth hormones, inhibits urination
90
Adrenal Glands
secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline and give energy
91
Pancreas
secretes insulin to regulate our blood sugar
92
Thyroid
produces Thyroxine, affect metabolism
93
Testes
testosterone, puberty
94
Ovaries
estrogen and progesterone
95
Brainstem
oldest part of the brain which begins where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
96
Medulla
all neurons bringing messages from the spinal cord pass through the medulla which regulates heartbeat, blood pressure and breathing
97
Thalamus
at top of the brainstem, relay station for incoming sensory into from sensory neurons
98
Reticular Activating System
responsible for sleep, attention, and arousal
99
Cerebellum
maintains balance and controls movement
100
Amygdala
responsible for aggression and fear feelings
101
Hypothalamus
regulates the ANS and the Endocrine system; regulates our body fluids, temp, and nutrients
102
Hippocampus
involved in memory, allows us the ability to compare new memories to old ones in order to survive
103
Cerebral Cortex
neural cells that cover the hemispheres; info processing center
104
Occipital Lobe
vision, shapes, color
105
Temporal Lobe
hearing and smell
106
Parietal Lobe
sensory cortex; info from touch and body position
107
Frontal Lobe
motor cortex; areas related to problem solving, decision making, and other higher cognitive functioning
108
Association Areas
areas of cerebral cortex that are not motor or sensory functioning, but are not involved in higher mental functions such as learning, language, and thinking
109
Plasticity
ability of brain to recognize after trauma
110
Corpus Callosum
200 million nerve fibers that separate the two hemispheres but allow them to communicate
111
Split Brain
surgical cutting of corpus callosum so that the two hemispheres do not communicate
112
Left Hemisphere
math, language, science, logic and writing
113
Right Hemisphere
music, art, creativity, imagination, fantasy
114
Behavior Genetics
study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environment influences on behavior
115
Environment
every non-genetic influence from prenatal to people and things around us
116
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA that contain genes
117
Genes
biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes and synthesize proteins
118
Identical Twins
single fertilized egg (same sex)
119
Fraternal Twins
two eggs (same or opposite sex)
120
Adoption Studies
those who are adopted are more like their biological parents than adoptive parents
121
Sensation
elementary components or building blocks of experience
122
Perception
collection of processes used to arrive at a meaningful interpretation of sensations
123
Cornea
transparent and productive outer covering
124
Lens
flexible piece of tissue behind pupil
125
Pupil
hole in center of the eye where light enters
126
Retina
the tissue that covers the back of the eye that contains the light sensitive receptor cells
127
Rods
located mainly to the sides of the retina, sensitive in dim light and for movement
128
Cones
located in the center of the retina, work in bright lights and give us color vision
129
Fovea
center of the retina where the cones are located, detailed vision occurs
130
Blind Spot
point where optic nerve leaves the back of the eye, no rods or cones in that spot
131
Dark Adaptation
process by which eyes adjust to dim light, cones and rods need time to readjust from responding to bright light
132
Sensory Application
sensory systems reduce sensitivity to a stimulus that remains constant
133
Pons
plays role in dream state, dreams are created, controls feeling, intensity of breathing and frequency of breaths
134
Reticular Formation
controls general arousal, sleep, and some movement of the head
135
Superior Colliculus
primary integrating center for eye movements, transformation of sensory input into output
136
Inferior Colliculus
auditory center of the body; integrating multiple audio signals that help filter out sounds from vocalizing, breathing, and chewing activities
137
Substantia Nigra
a group of neurons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine
138
Motor Cortex
controls voluntary muscle movements; controls behavior like talking, gesturing, walking, etc.
139
Somatosensory Cortex
receives all sensory input from the body
140
Auditory Cortex
process auditory info in humans and other vertebrates, localizes sounds
141
Visual Cortex
receive visual input from the retina; recognizes shapes, perception of colors, etc.
142
Broca's Area
speech production, facial neuron control
143
Wernicke's Area
language comprehension, controls motor functions
144
Mirror Neurons
ability to emphasize and socialize with others, allow us to determine other people's intentions as well as their actions
