Final - Chapters 4, 12, 13, 14 & 15 Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
Zygote
A
The fertilized egg
2
Q
Germinal period
A
The period in the prenatal development from conception to implantation of the fertilized egg
3
Q
Embryonic period
A
The period of prenatal development lasting from implantation to the end of the 8th week. Limbs, facial features, sexual differentiation.
4
Q
Fetal period
A
The period of prenatal development lasting from the 9th week until birth. Bones/muscles, movement, sucks thumb.
5
Q
Teratogens
A
Environmental agents that can potentially damage the developing embryo or fetus
6
Q
Puberty
A
The period during which a person reaches sexual maturity and is potentially capable of producing offspring
7
Q
Menopause
A
The period during which a woman’s menstrual cycle slows down and finally stops
8
Q
Dementia
A
Physically based losses in mental functioning
9
Q
Longitudinal design
A
A research design in which the same people are studied or tested repeatedly over time
10
Q
Cross-sectional design
A
A research design in which people of different ages are compared at the same time
11
Q
Assimilate
A
fit new experience into existing schema
12
Q
Accommodate
A
change or modify existing schema to match new experience
13
Q
Piaget’s Stages
A
- Sensorimotor - 0-2 years - explores world through senses and reflexes
- Preoperational Period - 2-6 yrs - don’t understand conservation
- Concrete Operational Stage - 7-11 yrs - mental operations are tied to concrete experiences in their world
- Formal Operational Stage - 11+ - now can think and reasoning with abstract concepts
14
Q
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
A
- Preconventional Stage - right and wrong is influenced by consequences for behavior
- Conventional Stage - right and wrong influenced by social consequences for behavior
- Postconventional Stage - ethics and abstract thinking
15
Q
Secure Attachment
A
Mom is secure base, cry upon separation
16
Q
Insecure avoidant attachment
A
No intention with mom, no response upon separation or return
17
Q
Insecure resistant attachment
A
less likely to return, shows distress upon separation, shows ambivalence upon return
18
Q
Disorganized-disoriented
A
extremely unusual behavior, dazed when mom leaves and fear upon return
19
Q
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development
A
- Infancy: Trust vs mistrust
- Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs Shame/doubt
- 3-6 yrs: Initiative vs guilt
- 6-12 yrs: Industry vs Inferiority
- Adolescence: Identity vs role confusion
- Young adulthood: Intimacy vs isolation
- Middle age: Generality vs stagnation
- Old age: Identity vs despair
20
Q
Big Five Factors of Traits
A
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Emotional Stability
21
Q
Freud’s Personality Structure (3)
A
- Id – present at birth – unconscious energy – pleasure principle that demands immediate gratification
- Ego – develops in first year – people act with reason and deliberation and conform to requirements of world
- Superego – develops in early childhood – the conscience that controls moral customs defined by parents and culture – moral/idealistic principle
22
Q
Repression
A
banishes anxiety producing memories from conscious to unconscious
23
Q
Regression
A
an individual who faces anxiety retreats to a more infantile stage – sucks thumb
24
Q
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
A
- Oral Stage – first year of life – pleasure from mouth – sucking, biting, chewing
- Anal Stage – second year of life – pleasure from toilet training – bowel/bladder elimination and control
- Phallic Stage – 3-5 years – pleasure from self stimulation of genitals – Oedipus and Elektra Complex. Develop gender identity when you reject opposite sex parent and identify with same sex parent.
- Latency Stage – 6 to puberty – sexual feelings
- Genital Stage – puberty on – maturation of sexual feelings
25
Projection
people disguise their own feelings by attributing them to others
26
Rationalization
self-justifying explanation instead of real reason why you did something
27
Displacement
transfers or shifts threatening impulses to a safe object
28
Denial
refusing to believe or perceive painful realities
29
Maslow and Self Actualization
1. Physiological Needs
2. Safety Needs
3. Belonging and Love Needs
4. Esteem Needs
5. Self Actualization Needs
30
Psychodynamic
Personality can be influenced by forces originating in the unconscious and is made up of 3 components: id (instinctive urges), ego (conscious decision making), and superego (conscience)
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Humanistic
We ultimately control our own behavioral destiny. Personality reflects our uniqueness, as well as our environment and our personal view of the world.
32
Social-cognitive
Personality results from an interaction between the experiences delivered by the environment and our interpretations of those experiences.
33
3 Social Psychological Areas
1. Interpret Behaviors of Others – we develop theories about why people behave they way they do
2. Behavior in the Presence of Others
3. Establishing Relations with Others
34
Physical Appearance
First impression. Can you judge a book by its cover?
35
Social Schemas
general knowledge structure stored in long-term memory that relates to social experiences or people
36
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
expectations about the actions of another person actually lead that person to behave in the expected way
37
Fundamental Attribution Error
observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, overestimate the impact of a person’s personal dispositions and underestimate the impact of the situation on behavior
38
Central Route
when we are motivated, we focus our attention on the message
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Peripheral Route
when we are unmotivated to process info or unable to do so – we look at external cues
40
Cognitive Dissonance
inconsistent behavior that doesn’t match attitude produces tension or dissonance
41
Self-Perception Theory
people use observations of their own behavior as a basis for inferring their internal beliefs
42
Social Facilitation
enhancement in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others
43
Social Interference
with others present, performance is impaired
44
Bystander Effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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Social Loafing
tendency for people to put out less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone
46
Deindividuation
loss of self-awareness and self restraint that occurs in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
47
Conformity
comply with wishes of group – conform their opinions, feelings, and behaviors towards group norm
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Group Polarization
the group’s dominant point of view becomes stronger and more extreme with time
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Groupthink
members of a group become so interested in seeking a consensus of opinion that they start to ignore and even suppress dissenting views
50
Sternberg’s Triangle Theory of Love
1. Passion – motivational part of love – sexual arousal, physical attraction
2. Intimacy - emotional part of love – closeness, connectedness, warmth
3. Commitment – decision making part of love – stick with relationship even if trouble
51
Statistical Deviance
behavior is abnormal if it occurs infrequently among the members of a population
52
Cultural Deviance
behavior is abnormal if it violates the rules or accepted standards of society
53
Emotional Distress
abnormal behaviors are those that lead to personal distress/emotional upset
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Dysfunction
breakdown in normal functioning – prevents you from pursuing adaptive strategies
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
constant – no trigger
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Panic Disorder
Episodic – intense fear/dread – can lead to Agoraphobia – avoid public places
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Phobic Disorder
specific object/situation – irrational
58
Social Anxiety Disorder
fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations
59
Schizophrenia
“split mind” – disturbances in thought process, emotion and/or behavior
60
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
delusions and hallucinations; disorganized speech; catatonia
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Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
absence of emotions/being social
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Biological Cause of Psychological Disorders
Physiological problems, particularly in the brain. Could include neurotransmitter imbalances, structural problems, and genetic defects.
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Cognitive Cause of Psychological Disorders
Our beliefs and styles of thought, such as maladaptive attributions and a sense of hopelessness
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Environmental Cause of Psychological Disorders
The influence of experience and culture. Cultural background, events, and learning all have an impact on psychological disorders.
65
Antipsychotic
Dopamine antagonist - blocks or impedes the flow of dopamine in the brain
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Antidepressants
- alters mood by acting primarily on norepinephrine, allowing it to linger in synapses longer
- works primarily on serotonin, blocking its reuptake in the neuron
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Antianxiety
work on the neurotransmitter GABA, which produces primarily inhibitory effects
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Psychoanalysis Approach to Psychotherapy
unconscious conflict, often rooted in childhood trauma; therapist tries to get the patient to talk about their childhood
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Cognitive Approach to Psychotherapy
Conscious processes, including irrational beliefs and negative thoughts; therapist attempts to show patient that it's ok to disagree with someone else and that it doesn't reflect on them badly as a person
70
Humanistic Approach to Psychotherapy
Problems with self-concept; therapist listens to patients problems and tries to warm, supportive, and open to what she is saying
71
Systematic Desensitization
counterconditioning – used to reduce fear/anxiety – phobias
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Aversion Therapy
replaces positive associations with negative ones
73
Token Economies
tokens given as rewards and can be exchanged for privileges
