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Psychology 101 > Chapter 6, 7, and 11 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 6, 7, and 11 Test Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

subjective awareness of internal and external events

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2
Q

Attention

A

internal processes used to set priorities for mental functioning

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3
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

different auditory messages presented separately and simultaneously to each ear. Person is sometimes asked to repeat aloud one message or attune to one message.

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4
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

ability to focus on one auditory message and ignore others – but will attune to relevant stimuli like our name

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5
Q

Selective Attention

A

focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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6
Q

Automaticity

A

fast and effortless processing that requires little or no focused attention

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7
Q

Divided Attention Research

A

people were asked to play a piano piece while memorizing list of words – can prove automaticity when one task does not interfere with the other task

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8
Q

Visual Neglect

A

tendency to ignore things that appear on the left side of the body

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9
Q

ADHD/ADD

A

difficulties in concentrating or sustaining attention for extended periods

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10
Q

Biological Clock

A

brain structures that schedule rhythmic variations in body functions by triggering them at appropriate times

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11
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

biological activities that rise and fall on a 24 hour cycle

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12
Q

Alpha Waves

A

pattern of brain activity when someone is in relaxed state

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13
Q

Stage 1 Sleep (N1)

A

brain waves slow down (theta waves). During this stage you might feel yourself “jerk”, feel yourself floating and experience vivid images that are not dreams. Hypnogogic Hallucinations

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14
Q

Stage 2 Sleep (N2)

A

brain waves continue to slow down, but periods of burst of activities called sleep spindles and K Complex– response to stimuli in environment.

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15
Q

Stage 3 (N3)

A

the deepest sleep – hard to wake up someone in this stage. Delta waves – synchronized slow wave sleep

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16
Q

REM sleep

A

Rapid eye movements, but all other body in a type of “paralysis”. Brain waves resemble those of awake person. This is when you dream. Genital arousal occurs during REM.

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17
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A

brain active/body not

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18
Q

Repair and Restoration

A

Complex task completion and thinking. Learning ability and memory. Helps us recuperate as lack of sleep impairs our immune system.

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19
Q

Freud

A

dreams are the “royal road to unconsciousness”

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20
Q

Manifest Content

A

actual symbols in the dream

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21
Q

Latent Content

A

true psychological meaning of the dream

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22
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

dreams represent the brains attempt to make sense of random patterns of neural activity generated while we sleep

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23
Q

Dyssomnias

A

problems with amount, timing and quality of sleep

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24
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep

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25
Hypersomnia
chronic condition of excessive sleepiness
26
Narcolepsy
sudden extreme sleepiness – go into REM Stage for about 5 minutes
27
Parasomnias
abnormal disturbances that occur during sleep
28
Nightmares
frightening/anxiety filled dreams that occur during REM
29
Night Terrors
Terrifying experiences (mainly in children) in which person awakens in extreme panic. Usually in deep sleep.
30
Sleepwalking
arises and wanders about when asleep – deep sleep stage
31
Tolerance
increasing amounts of drug needed to produce same effect
32
Dependency
physical and/or psychological need for continued use
33
Withdrawal
physical or psychological reactions that occur when you quit using the drug
34
Depressants
slow or depress the ongoing activity of the central nervous system
35
Stimulants
increase central nervous system activity
36
Hallucinogens
disrupt normal mental and emotional functioning – distorts perception and reality
37
Opiates
depress the nervous system, reducing anxiety, elevating mood, and lowering sensitivity to pain
38
Hypnosis
produces a heightened state of suggestibility in willing participants
39
Hypnotic hypermnesia
The supposed enhancement in memory that occurs under hypnosis
40
Hypnotic Dissociation
hypnotically induced splitting of consciousness during which multiple forms of awareness exist
41
Meditation
technique for self-induced manipulation of awareness often used for relaxation and self awareness
42
Orienting Response
an inborn tendency to notice and respond to novel stimuli or surprising events
43
Habituation
a decline in the tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated exposure
44
Sensitization
increased responsiveness or sensitivity to an event that has been repeated – more likely if stimulus is intense/punishing
45
Classical Conditioning
how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events – learning relations between (events) a conditioned an unconditioned stimuli that occur outside one’s control.
46
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
a stimulus that automatically leads to an unconditioned response prior to any learning or training
47
Unconditioned Response (UR)
response that is produced automatically (reflex) prior to learning or training upon presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US)
48
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
a neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus
49
Conditioned Response (CR)
the learned response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US)
50
Blocking
if you are already conditioned to one CS – it will block being conditioned to another CS
51
Second Order Conditioning
an established conditioned stimulus (CS) is used to condition a second neutral stimulus
52
Stimulus Generalization
responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response produced by an established conditioned stimulus (CS) Ex. Afraid of all dogs
53
Stimulus Discrimination
responding differently to a new stimulus than how one responds to an established conditioned stimulus (CS) Ex. Afraid of specific dog that bit you
54
Extinction
present the CS without the US for a period of time – results in loss of CR Ex. Ring Bell – no food. No salivation to bell.
55
Spontaneous Recovery
recovery of an extinguished CR after a period of non-exposure to the CS
56
Conditioned Inhibition
learning that an event (stimulus) signals the absence of the (US) Ex. Don’t get spanking if mom home
57
Drug Tolerance
place you take drugs is a CS to body to “respond” to drug. Take drug in a new place - overdose.
58
Operant Conditioning
how organisms learn about the consequences of their own voluntary actions
59
Law of Effect
if a response is followed by satisfying consequences, it is strengthened. If a response is followed by unsatisfying consequences, it is weakened.
60
Discriminative Stimulus
sets the situation or occasion for a response to be reinforced/punished Ex. Cuss in front of friends/but not parents
61
Reinforcement
consequence that increases the likelihood of responding in a similar way again
62
Positive Reinforcement
a consequence (event) that when presented after a behavior, increases the likelihood of that response
63
Negative Reinforcement
``` a consequence (event) that is removed after a behavior, increases the likelihood of that response Ex. – take an Advil (behavior) – pain goes away ```
64
Primary Reinforcers
stimulus that is naturally reinforcing because it is needed for survival
65
Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers
stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through learning (praise, $)
66
Punishment
consequences that decrease the likelihood of responding in a similar way again
67
Positive Punishment
``` a consequence (event) that when presented after a behavior, lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again Ex. Reach down to pet dog – dog bites you ```
68
Negative Punishment
``` a consequence (event) that when removed after a response, lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again Ex. Drunk driving – take away license ```
69
Fixed Ratio
fixed number of responses required for reinforcement | Ex. Yogurt Card – buy 9 – get 1 free
70
Variable Ratio
responses are required for reinforcement, but the number of responses varies or changes Ex. Gambling – Saying I am sorry
71
Fixed Interval
reinforcement is delivered for the first response after a fixed amount of time Ex. – check your e-mail after 4:00
72
Variable Interval (waiting)
the allotted time before a response will produce a reinforcement varies Ex. – get in line at Starbucks – get your order
73
Shaping
reinforcement is given for successive approximations of the desired behavior
74
Observational Learning
learning by observing the experience of others
75
Modeling
imitate the behavior of significant others
76
Instincts
unlearned characteristic patterns of responding that are controlled by specific triggering stimuli in the world. More complex than reflexes.
77
Drive
a psychological state that arises in response to an internal physiological need such as hunger or thirst
78
Homeostasis
process whereby body maintains a steady state (set point) such as constant internal temperature or fluids
79
Incentive Motivation
external factors in the environment that exert pulling effects on our actions ($, power, deprivation)
80
Achievement Motivation
internal drive or need for achievement that is possessed by all individuals to varying degrees (success)
81
Intrinsic Motivation
goal directed behavior that seems to be entirely self-motivated
82
Extrinsic Motivation
goal directed behavior that stems from environmental factors
83
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Needs --> Safety Needs --> Belongingness and Love Needs --> Esteem Needs --> Self-Actualization Needs (true potential)
84
Glucose
liver and intestines monitor supply and how cells are using glucose
85
Ghrelin
increases before eating and decreases afterward – signals hunger
86
Satiation Signals (Cholecystokinin aka CCK)
it is released while eating and signals the brain that we are full
87
Set Point
natural body weight-maybe genetic-that the body seeks to maintain
88
Obesity
weight problem characterized by excessive body fat
89
Anorexia Nervosa
when an otherwise healthy person refuses to maintain a normal weight level because of an intense fear of being overweight
90
Bulimia Nervosa
principle symptom is binge eating large quantities of food followed by purging
91
The Sexual Response Cycle
1. Excitement Phase 2. Plateau Phase 3. Orgasmic Phase 4. Resolution Phase
92
Excitement Phase
muscle tension, increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood rushes to genitals
93
Plateau Phase
arousal increases at slower rate toward pre-orgasm maximum point. Lubrication and Erection increase.
94
Orgasmic Phase
rhythmic contractions in the sex organs – ejaculation – pleasure
95
Resolution Phase
Arousal levels return to normal, men have refractory
96
Sexual Scripts
learned cognitive programs that instruct us on how, why and what to do in our interactions with sexual partners
97
Sexual Orientation
Homosexual: attraction to members of the same sex Heterosexual: attraction to members of the opposite sex Bisexual: attraction to both sexes
98
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
muscles in the face deliver signals to the brain that are | interpreted as subjective emotional states
99
James Lange Theory
body reactions precede and drive the subjective experience of emotions
100
Cannon-Bard Theory
body reactions and subjective experience occur together, but independently
101
Two Factor theory
cognitive interpretation or appraisal of a body reaction drives the subjective experience of emotion

Psychology 101 (3 decks)

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