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Science Technology and Society > Chapter 1&2 - Introduction and history of Science, Technology, and Society > Flashcards

Chapter 1&2 - Introduction and history of Science, Technology, and Society Flashcards

1
Q
  • the driving forces that shape our society
A

Science and Technology

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2
Q
  • helps us understand the world, and technology transforms these insights into everyday innovations, shaping the way we live, work, and connect with each other.
A

Science

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3
Q

_________________ are dynamic processes engaged in by man to satisfy two basic needs. What are those?

A

Science and technology, the thirst for knowledge and the material requirements for human survival and prosperity.

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4
Q
  • it is the description, understanding, and prediction of phenomena through the use and generation of verifiable theories, laws, and principles.
A

Science

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5
Q
  • it involves the acquisition of new knowledge and the utilization of such knowledge to devise new or improved products and processes.
A

Research and development

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6
Q

The oxford dictionary defines __________ as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.

A

Science

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7
Q

According to McGinn, Science has four meanings:

A

As a knowledge- the organized, well founded body of knowledge of natural phenomena
As a field of systematic inquiry into nature- the particular field or domain or systematic inquiry in which such knowledge is sought.
As a form of human cultural activity- a distinct form of human activity in which such knowledge is sought
As a total societal enterprise- the summation of knowledge, people, skills, organization, facilities techniques, physical resources, methods and technologies, which is devoted to the study and understanding of the natural world.

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8
Q
  • it is the use of scientific knowledge and/or empirical knowhow for the production, improvement, and distribution of goods and services, as well as the satisfaction of other material needs.
A

Technology

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9
Q

It is the application of natural laws to the solution of practical problems.

A

Technology

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10
Q

In the book ________________________, _________________ defined technology in three ways. What are those?

A

(1) Technology is a means to fulfill a human purpose in that a method or any material may be utilized to serve a human purpose.
(2) Technology is an assemblage of practices and components
(3) Technology is a collection of devices and engineering practices available to culture.

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11
Q
  • a group of persons joined together for a common purpose or by a common interest. They come to learn and perform behavior expected of them.
A

Society

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12
Q

_________ place societies in 3 broad categories:

A

Sociologust
Pre industrial Society: Food production, which is carried through the use of human and animal labor, is the main economic activity.
Industrial Societies: The increase efficiency of production of the industrial revolution produced an even greater surplus than before.
Post- industrial societies: Societies dominated by information, services, and high technology more than the production of goods are known as Post Industrial Societies.

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13
Q

Four common characteristics of Science

A

(1) Focuses on the Natural Word
(2) Goes through Experiments
(3) Relies on Evidence
(4) Passes through the systematic Community

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14
Q
  • it is ______ that decides how S&T is to be utilized.
A
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14
Q

refers to studies of phenomena such as the general nature and interrelationship of science and technology

A

Internal

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15
Q

__________________ strongly opposes the view that technology “is a means to an end”or a human activity.

A

Martin Heidegger

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15
Q

Relationships of Science, Technology and Society

A

(1) Science and technology are interdependent
(2) Science and technology has a big impact on the society
(3) Science and technology has a positive and negative effects to the environment

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16
Q
  • at allows for the discoveries and inventions to take place.
A

Society

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17
Q

Science as organized body of thought

A

Ancient Period

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18
Q

they build a logical basis for the universe

A

Ionian Philosophers

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19
Q

They used stones as tools, and then learned how to shape stones to make more efficient tools. As the tools improved, so people were able to use them to fashion weapons and other artifacts from bone, antler, and wood

A

Ancient Period

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20
Q

They also learned how to capture fire from natural sources such as wild fires, and later to make fire for themselves by using the heat generated by friction or sparks from stones. or by concentrating the sun’s heat.

A

Ancient Period

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21
Q

____________ are considered to be the first recognized technology

A

Stone tools

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22
Q

Evidence implies that the early relatives of modem humans who are not directly descended from them, the _____________, created the first stone tools.

A

australopithecines

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23
Q

The next technology that we
are aware of appeared after two new ..,.,-.- species, _______________ and _____________, appeared 1,800,000 years ago

A

Homo ergaster and Homo
erectus

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24
Q

One may consider the earliest “machine tool” to be the _____________ that was used to work the other tools.

A

hammerstone

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25
Q

The creation of these stone tools led these ancient humanoid species to become the first hunter hunter-gatherers of the world

A

hammerstone

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26
Q

Today, many scientists believe that _________ species were also the very first humanoid species to achieve the controlled use of fire.

A

Homo erectus

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27
Q

Bronze Age

A

Mesopotamian Civilization, Egyptian Civilization, Ancient Chinese Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization

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28
Q

__________, situated in the region that encompasses modem­ day Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey, holds a crucial place in the annals of human history.

A

Mesopotamia

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29
Q

This ancient civilization flourished between the _______ and _____________, earning it the nickname “____________________.”

A

MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the land between the rivers

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30
Q

At the heart of Mesopotamia stood ______, its most illustrious capital city. _______ was not only a political and administrative center but also a hub of cultural and intellectual achievements.

A

Babylon

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31
Q

with their advanced knowledge of agriculture, irrigation systems, and urban planning, laid the foundation for many aspects of modern society. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and writing systems have left an indelible mark on the development of human
civilization.

A

MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION

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32
Q

__________ made remarkable strides that shaped the course of human development Among their notable achievements, the ___________ introduced a structured calendar, organizing time into a 360-day cycle, a concept that laid the foundation for future calendar systems used worldwide.

A

MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
Sumerians

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33
Q

Another pivotal _____________ invention was the _______. This ingenious creation not only revolutionized transportation but also became a fundamental building block for various forms of machinery, enhancing productivity and trade in the region

A

Mesopotamian, wheel

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34
Q

They demonstrated a mastery of craftsmanship by being among the first to produce glass, a material that would go on to have diverse applications in architecture, art, and technology.

A

MESOPOTAMIANS, MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION

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35
Q

In the realm of geography and navigation, _____________ saw the birth of the earliest known maps, reflecting the intricate understanding of their surroundings and paving the way for the exploration of distant lands in the centuries to come.

A

MESOPOTAMIA, MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION

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36
Q

mathematicians made significant contributions to the field, most notably discovering the Pythagorean Theorem, a fundamental principle in geometry that continues to be studied and applied in mathematics and engineering today.

A

MESOPOTAMIAN MATHEMATICIANS, MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION

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37
Q

Mesopotamians laid down some of the earliest written laws, exemplified by the famous ____________. This legal codification provided a framework for justice and governance, establishing precedents that influenced legal systems throughout history.

A

Code of Hammurabi

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38
Q

In the realm of agriculture, ________________ demonstrated remarkable ingenuity by implementing advanced irrigation systems. These systems allowed them to efficiently water crops, fostering agricultural abundance and supporting the growth of thriving communities.

A

Mesopotamia’s farmers , MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION

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39
Q

_____________ emerged as a cradle of human progress, leaving an enduring legacy that continues to shape the modern world.

A

MESOPOTAMIA

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40
Q

The ______________, spanning from modern-day ______ in the north to ______ in the south, thrived along the banks of the ___________, an essential geographical feature that nurtured their prosperity and ingenuity.

A

Syria, Sudan, Nile River

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41
Q

They showcased their advanced understanding of the natural world. They devised a 365-day calendar, a system rooted in their combined knowledge of mathematics and astronomy

A

Egyptian Civilization

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42
Q

Their mastery of engineering was evident in the construction of dams _on the __________and the digging of canals, such as the one connecting the _________ to the _______, facilitating trade and transportation.

A

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION, Garawi River, Nile River, Red Sea

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43
Q

In the realm of medicine, ________ were pioneers, utilizing around _____ drugs and medications for various ailments, demonstrating an early understanding of pharmacology and healing practices

A

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION, Egyptians, 700

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44
Q

Their unique beliefs and rituals also played a significant role in shaping their scientific and technological endeavors. Their profound reverence for rulers, whom they believed transformed into gods after death, led to elaborate practices like ______________.

A

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION, Egyptians, mummification

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45
Q

This process, aimed at preserving the bodies of the deceased, especially rulers, was complemented by the construction of grand pyramids.

A

Mummification

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46
Q

These _________ served as elaborate tombs, containing essential items believed to be necessary for the afterlife, including pets and jewelry. However, these structures, despite their grandeur, were later conquered by the Persian and Roman Empires.

A

pyramids

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47
Q

In essence, the ________________s’ holistic approach to science, technology, and spirituality showcased their remarkable achievements and enduring legacy, influencing numerous civilizations that followed.

A

ancient Egyptian

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48
Q

Ancient Chinese Civilization, nestled along the _________ (Yellow River), stands as one of Asia’s earliest and most influential societies.

A

Huangho

49
Q

Many of today’s fundamental discoveries and inventions trace their origins back to Chinese ingenuity, with prominent figures excelling in diverse scientific fields such as astronomy, geography, and mathematics.

A

ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION

50
Q

Ancient Chinese developed the _____________, a sophisticated timekeeping system devised by ___________. This calendar, structured around a 12- year cycle corresponding to animal zodiacs, remains a cornerstone of traditional Chinese culture.

A

Lunar Calendar, Emperor Huangdi

51
Q

Their adeptness in astronomy was exemplified by their meticulous observations, including the recording of a “___________,” later identified as a _____________ explosion forming the __________ within the constellation ___________.

A

guest star, supernova, Crab Nebula, Taurus.

52
Q

The Chinese are credited with the invention of the ____________, an intricate system deeply embedded in cultural beliefs. They also pioneered groundbreaking technologies such as __________, _______, _________, and _________, all of which have had a transformative impact on global scientific and societal progress.

A

Chinese Zodiac, gunpowder, paper, printing machines, the compass

53
Q

The _____________, one of the world’s oldest urban cultures, flourished around 3300-1300 BCE in present-day ____________ and ___________.

A

Indus Valley Civilization, Pakistan, northwest India.

54
Q

One of their key achievements was __________. Indus cities like _________ and __________ featured advanced drainage systems, with intricately laid-out streets and well-designed buildings, showcasing their expertise in city infrastructure. Their remarkable grasp of engineering is evident through the construction of sturdy brick buildings, some even multi-storied, displaying an understanding of architectural stability.

A

urban planning, Mohenjo-daro, Harappa

55
Q

They displayed sophisticated
knowledge in metallurgy, evident from their craftsmanship in bronze, copper, and tin. Archaeological findings suggest that they had an understanding of various metal alloys and their applications.

A

Indus Valley people/ INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

56
Q

their advancements in agriculture, including the use of advanced irrigation techniques, contributed significantly to food production. Their agricultural surplus likely supported the growth of urban centers, enabling the civilization to thrive.

A

Indus Valley people/ INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

57
Q

Though not part of the Indus Valley Civilization, it is important to note about the significant contributions of ______ to Mathematics. The ___________, which includes the digits O to 9 and the decimal place value system, originated in ancient India.

A

Indians, Hindu-Arabic numeral system

58
Q

The concept of zero as a placeholder and its integration into a positional numeral system were key innovations. These numerical concepts were later transmitted to the Arab scholars during the Islamic Golden Age, from approximately the 8th to the 14th centuries. ______________ further developed and refined the system and then introduced it to Europe, where it gradually replaced the Roman numeral system. becoming the standard numerical system used worldwide today

A

Arab mathematicians

59
Q

One of the key innovations of this era was the widespread use of iron. The development of iron tools and weapons revolutionized agriculture, construction, and warfare.

A

IRON AGE

60
Q

witnessed remarkable progress in agricultural technology. Advancements such as the iron plowshare and improved irrigation systems boosted agricultural productivity, leading to surplus food production. This surplus supported larger populations, enabling the growth of towns and cities.

A

IRON AGE

61
Q

developments in pottery and textile production improved storage methods and made textiles more readily available, contributing to trade and cultural exchange

A

IRON AGE

62
Q

The term Mesoamerica comes from the Greek word _______ meaning “__________.” This period is characterized by the following civilizations:

A

mesos: in the middle
Olmecs
Mayans
Aztecs

63
Q
  • The top of the society are pnests and nobles who lived in ceremonial centers
A

OLMECS

64
Q

3 Ages in Ancient Period

A

Stone Age
Bronze age
Iron Age

65
Q

Bronze Age has 4 civilization

A

Mesopotamian Civilization
Egyptian Civilization
Ancient Chinese Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization

66
Q
  • Normal people lived in farming villages around the elites.
A

OLMECS

67
Q
  • Carved colossal heads from volcanic rocks asportraits of rulers.
A

OLMECS

68
Q
  • Invented calendar and carved hieroglyphic writing into stone.
A

OLMECS

69
Q
  • The mother culture of Mesoamerica.
A

OLMECS

70
Q
  • Developed methods of farming such as shifting agriculture and raised bed farming
A

MAYANS

71
Q
  • Organized into city-state without political unity but bounded economy.
A

MAYANS

72
Q
  • Developed numbering system 1nclud1ng place value and the concept or zero
A

MAYANS

73
Q
  • Developed hieroglyphic form of writing that were used for recording astronomicaI observations, rituals
    and religious matter but was burnt
    during the invasion of Spanish
    conquerors.
A

MAYANS

74
Q
  • Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and ritual calendar with 260 days.
A

MAYANS

75
Q
  • Built __________ or “floating gardens· to plant crops.
A

AZTECS, chinampas

76
Q

Built empire which has a ruler with his council consisting of nobles, priest, and military leaders.

A

AZTECS

77
Q
  • Developed a calendar with 365 days and a ritual calendar with 260 days.
A

AZTECS

78
Q
  • Believed that illness is a punishment from the gods but still uses herbs and medicine for treatment.
A

AZTECS

79
Q

The term “___” often implies a lack of intellectual and cultural advancement during this time.

A

Dark Ages/ MEDIEVAL PERIOD

80
Q

the primary concerns were often centered around maintaining peace and building empires, leaving little room for the nurturing of centers for learning. It was only in the later stages of the medieval era that a concerted effort was made to emphasize philosophy and science.

A

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

81
Q

Innovations like the invention of the printing press revolutionized communication and knowledge dissemination.

A

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

82
Q

people started to use windmills and watermills.

A

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

83
Q

_________ were primarily used for grinding grains such as wheat and com, producing flour that was a staple of medieval diets. The energy from the wind was used to turn large grinding stones, which crushed the grains into usable flour. ______________, similarly, utilized the energy from flowing water to turn waterwheels. These waterwheels were connected to various mechanical devices like mills, hammers, and saws.

A

Windmill, Watermills/ MEDIEVAL PERIOD

84
Q

_____________, a marvel of engineering, allowed for more precise timekeeping, shaping the way societies organized their daily lives.

A

Mechanical clocks/ MEDIEVAL PERIOD

85
Q

the introduction of the three-field crop rotation system in agriculture revitalized soil fertility and crop yields, contributing to sustainable farming practices.

A

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

86
Q

The Renaissance often referred to as the “_________” was more than just a historical period; it wa a transformative intellectual and cultural movement.

A

The Rebirth

87
Q

Algebra, geometry, applied mathematics, and calculus experienced significant developments or were entirely born during the Renaissance, laying the foundation for modem mathematics as we understand it today.

A

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

88
Q

_________, in particular, played a crucial role in reshaping mathematical thinking. This transformation was made possible by the widespread adoption of Hindu-Arabic numerals, a numeric system developed by Indians between the 6th and 7th centuries.

A

Algebra/ THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD

89
Q

this knowledge diffusion to Europe happened much later, primarily through the writings of Middle Eastern mathematicians like ____________ AND __________around the 12th century. The delay in knowledge dissemination was due to the absence of mass production of books; texts and knowledge were painstakingly copied by hand, leading to a slower spread of information.

A

al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi

90
Q

____________, the revolutionary idea that the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, challenged the __________ of the universe, reshaping our understanding of cosmology.

A

Heliocentrism, geocentric views

91
Q

the invention and refinement of optical instruments like the microscope and telescope significantly expanded human vision. These tools allowed scientists to explore the intricate details of the microcosm and observe celestial bodies with unprecedented clarity.

A

THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD

92
Q

the formulation of the Laws of Motion, a fundamental concept in physics, provided a systematic understanding of how objects move and interact, paving the way for modern physics and our comprehension of the natural world.

A

THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD

93
Q

Before exploring the remarkable scientific and technological strides made during the Middle East revolution, it is essential to understand the foundational principles of Islam encapsulated in the Five Pillars. These core tenets, including :

A

faith, prayer, charity, fasting pilgrimage

94
Q

Among its greatest contributors was _______, whose intellectual legacy reverberates through history. _________ played a pivotal role in introducing Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe, a numerical system that fundamentally transformed mathematics by making complex calculations more accessible.

A

Al-Khwarizmi

95
Q

Father of Algebra

A

Al-Khwarizmi

96
Q

the ______________ witnessed significant strides in alchemy, an early precursor to modem chemistry. __________________, celebrated as the father of Alchemy, made pioneering advancements m the field.

A

Middle East revolution, Musa Jabir lbn Hayyan

97
Q

bore witness to a profound intellectual transformation.

A

Age of Enlightenment

98
Q

Writers and thinkers of this period boldly questioned deeply entrenched beliefs, challenging the authority of kings and the Church.

A

Age of Enlightenment

99
Q

A core concept that emerged during this time was the idea that every individual possessed equal value and inalienable rights, laying the groundwork for modem notions of equality and human rights.

A

Age of Enlightenment

100
Q

___________ stands as a hallmark of this age, representing a seismic shift in cosmological understanding. Rejecting the geocentrism proposed by _______, ________________introduced the revolutionary concept of heliocentrism, positing that the sun was the center of the universe. Despite earlier contemplations of this idea by figures like _______. it was Copernicus who courageously challenged the established order, paving the way for modem astronomy

A

Copernican Revolution, Ptolemy, Nicolaus Copernicus, Aristarchus

101
Q

spearheaded by Charles Darwin, brought forth groundbreaking theories of evolution and natural selection. Darwin’s seminal work., “_______________,” introduced the world to the intricate mechanisms of natural selection and the concept of survival of the fittest, fundamentally altering our understanding of the origins and development of life on Earth.

A

Darwinian Revolution, On the Origin of Species

102
Q

______________________ contributed to this transformative period with his theories on the inheritance of acquired characteristics, further enriching the discourse on evolution.

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

103
Q

Freudian Revolution was led by _____________ delved into the complexities of human psychology. Freuds’s exploration of the human psyche led to the delineation of the id ego and superego

A

Sigmund Freud

104
Q

The____ representing primal urges and desires, the _____ functioning as the conscious decision making part of personality, and the _________, operating on moral principles, collectively formed Freud’s groundbreaking theory of the human mind.

A

id, ego, superego

105
Q

The Industrial Revolution, a pivotal period in history, originated in ___________ and rapidly spread across Europe and eventually the globe.

A

Great Britain

106
Q

Key among the.se innovation was the development of steam engines, Which revolutionized both industries and transportation. These engines powered factories and locomotives, drasticallyy increasing production capacities and facilitating the movement of goods and people on an unprecedented scale.

A

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

107
Q

Alongside steam power, inventions like the light bulb illuminated the night, transforming darkness into productivity and extending human activity well into the evenings. The telephone, another remarkable creation, altered communication forever, bridging vast distances and connecting people in ways previously unimaginable,

A

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

108
Q

In terms of medicinal advancements, indigenous knowledge led to the discovery of __________, known as aspirin, which was used for pain relief, and ___________ made from kaolin, proved effective in treating diarrhea. Additionally, ___________, also known as reserpine, was employed to address hypertension and snakebite, showcasing the depth of African herbal medicine.

A

Salix capensis: aspirin: pain relief
Kaopectate: kaolin: diarrhea
Rauwolfia vomitoria: reserpine: hypertension and snakebite,
AFRRICAN REVOLUTION

109
Q

They conducted surgeries, stitching wounds, setting broken bones, and amputating diseased limbs. Despite their expertise, they also recognized the limitations of their methods, understanding that certain injuries were beyond their ability to fully heal.

A

AFRICAN REVOLUTION

110
Q

Dentistry included the installation of false teeth and filling dental cavities, revealing a sophisticated understanding of oral healthcare. .

A

AFRICAN REVOLUTION

111
Q

One of the most significant contributions came in the form vaccination.
The term “vaccination” finds its roots in the Latin word ______meaning cow. _____________, a physician, is credited with the concept of vaccination, having cured smallpox by using cowpox.

A

vacca , Edward Jenner

112
Q

A forgotten hero In the history of vaccination is __________, whose knowledge of a practice known smallpox­ inoculation, or variolation, proved invaluable in early attempts to combat this deadly disease.

A

Onesimus

113
Q

marked a period of profound transformation, witnessing the rise of modern industry that reshaped the world from agriculture to technology-intensive services.

A

19th century

114
Q

This era, based on the ___________ and spanning from 1801 to 1900, saw the birth of an industrial landscape characterized by the relentless production of new products.

A

Gregorian calendar

115
Q

______________ published his groundbreaklng atomic theory, laying the foundation for our understanding of matter. ___________ formulation of the Periodic Table in the mid-19th century provided a systematic arrangement of elements, revolutionizing the field of chemistry. _________________, in 1847, established the law of the Conservation of Energy, a fundamental principle in physics, and later invented the ophthalmoscope in 1851, advancing medical diagnostics

A

John Dalton: atomic theory
Dmitri Mendeleev’s: Periodic table
Hermann von Helmholtz,: Law of conservation of Energy, principle in physics, opthalmoscope

116
Q

___________________’s revelation that light is an
electromagnetic wave in 1873, later substantiated by _____________ in 1888, significantly contributed to our comprehension of electromagnetic phenomena. Scientific exploration also led to the discovery of radioactivity by ___________ in 1896 and the subsequent discovery of radium by __________ in 1898, marking pivotal moments in the understanding of nuclear physics. Additionally, ____________ discovery of the electron in 1897 provided crucial insights into the subatomic world, reshaping the landscape of physics and setting the stage for further scientific breakthroughs in the coming centuries.

A

James Clerk Maxwell: electromagnetic wave
Heinrich Hertz
Henri Becquerel: Radioactivity
Marie and Pierre Curie: radium
Joseph Thomson’s: electron

117
Q

Rapid advancements were propelled by sc1ent1fic methods and substantial research funding, transforming the wortd’s communication and transportation systems.

A

20th century

118
Q

Breakthroughs like electronic computing, jet engines, and the advent of radio and telephony marked this period, shaping global connectivity and accessibility, a trend that escalated with the affordability of mobile phones in the 2000s.

A

20th century

119
Q

AI

A

1940s

120
Q

Key innovations like personal computers, pioneered by ______ in 1971, reshaped dally life. The Introduction of ________ In 1976 by ____________________ redefined computing, coinciding with the creation of the ________ In 1969, facilitating global communication, information gathering, and business transactions through the _____________ established In 1989.

A

Intel : 1971
Apple: 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
Internet: 1969
WWB: 1989

121
Q

Another revolutionary advancement was the mass production of ____________, led by __________ in 1908.

A

automobile: Henry Ford 1908

Science Technology and Society (10 decks)

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