Chapter 1&2 Vocab and Objectives Flashcards
1
Q
A circumscribed, elevated lesion that is more than 5 mm in diameter, usually contains serous fluid, and looks like a blister
A
bulla
2
Q
) A segmented or lobe that is a part of the whole; these lobes sometimes appear fused together
A
lobule
3
Q
An area that is usually distinguished by a color different from that of the surrounding tissue; it is flat and does not protrude above the surface of the normal tissue.
A
macule
4
Q
A small, circumscribed lesion usually less than 1 cm in diameter that is elevated or protrudes above the surface of normal surrounding tissue.
A
papule
5
Q
attached by a stemlike or stalklike base similar to that of a mushroom.
A
pedunculated
6
Q
variously sized circumscribed elevations containing pus.
A
pustules
7
Q
describing the base of a lesion that is flat or broad instead of stemlike.
A
sessile
8
Q
a small, elevated lesion less than 1 cm in diameter that contains serous fluid.
A
vesicle
9
Q
: a palpable solid lesion up to 1 cm in diameter found in soft tissue; it can occur above, level with, or beneath the skin surface.
A
nodule
10
Q
the evaluation of a lesion by feeling it with the fingers to determine the texture of the area; the descriptive terms for palpation are soft, firm, semifirm, and fluid filled; these terms also describe the consistency of a lesion.
A
palpation
11
Q
red, pink, salmon, white, blue-black, gray, brown and black are the words used most frequently to describe the colors of oral lesions; they can be used to identify specific lesions and may also be incorporated into general descriptions.
A
colors
12
Q
An abnormal redness of the mucosa or gingiva
A
erythema
13
Q
a clinical term used to describe an oral mucosal lesion that appears as a smooth red patch or granular red and velvety patch.
A
erythroplakia
14
Q
a clinical term for a white plaquelike lesion on the oral mucosa that cannot be rubbed off or diagnosed as a specific disease.
A
leukoplakia
15
Q
paleness of the skin or mucosal tissues
A
pallor
16
Q
): one-hundredth of a meter; equivalent to a little less than one-half inch (0.393 inch)
A
centimeter
17
Q
one-thousandth of a meter (a meter is equivalent to 39.3 inches); the periodontal probe is of great assistance in documenting the size or diameter of a lesion that can be measured in millimeters (general terms such as small, medium or large are sometimes used, but these terms are not as specific)
A
millimeter
18
Q
wrinkled
A
corrugated
19
Q
cleft or groove, normal or otherwise, showing prominent depth
A
fissure
20
Q
resembling small, nipple-shaped projections or elevations found in clusters (like a wart)
A
papillary
21
Q
terms used to describe the surface texture of a lesion
A
smooth, rough, folded
22
Q
the process by which parts of a whole join together, or fuse, to make one
A
coalescence
23
Q
describes a lesion with borders that are not well defined, making it impossible to detect the exact parameters of the lesion; this may make treatment more difficult and, depending on the biopsy results, more radical
A
diffuse
24
Q
: describes a lesion that extends beyond the confines of one distinct area and is defined as many lobes or parts that are somewhat fused together, making up the entire lesion
A
multilocular
25
a multilocular radiolucency is sometimes described as
resembling soap bubbles
26
often presents as a multilocular, radiolucent lesion
an odontogenic keratocyst
27
describes the black or dark areas on a radiograph; less dense tissue such as the pulp is seen as a radiolucent structure:
radiolucent
28
terms used to describe a mixture of light and dark areas within a lesion, usually denoting a stage in the development of the lesion
radiolucent and radiopaque
29
for example, in a stage I periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia (cementoma), the lesion is
radiolucent
30
in stage II periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia (cementoma)it is
radiolucent and radiopaque
31
describes the light or white area on a radiograph that results from the inability of radiant energy to pass through the structure; the denser the structure, the lighter or whiter it appears on the radiograph.
radiopaque
32
observed radiographically when the apex of the tooth appears shortened or blunted and irregularly shaped
root resorption
33
occurs as a response to stimuli, which can include a cyst, tumor, or trauma
root resorption
34
arises from tissues outside the tooth such as the periodontal ligament
external resorption
35
triggered by pupal tissue reaction from within the tooth
internal resorption
36
a radiolucent lesion that extends between the roots, as seen in a traumatic bone cyst; this lesion appears to extend up the periodontal ligament
scalloping around the root
37
having one compartment or unit that is well defined or outlined, as in a simple radicular cyst
unilocular
38
: term used to describe a lesion with borders that are specifically defined and in which one can clearly see the exact margins and extent
well circumscribed
39
the diagnosis is based on what the clinician can actually see. The decision is made based upon the clinician’s knowledge and by using palpation, observing the color, shape, location and history of the lesion.
clinical
40
the diagnosis is based on what is seen in a radiograph. Clinical and historical information can be used to help aid a radiographic diagnosis, but the radiograph provides the majority of the information needed to make the diagnosis.
radiographic
41
: the diagnosis is based on history of the lesion, such as how long it has been there, and size and shape change. Personal, family, medical and dental history can also be helpful in a historical diagnosis, as well as drug history.
historical
42
Blood chemistry (WBC/RBC count), urinalysis, and other clinical lab tests are used to provide information for the diagnosis.
laboratory
43
diagnosis is based on the microscopic examination of a biopsy.
microscopic
44
: A surgical procedure, such as exploratory surgery, or even surgery for another reason, can provide evidence and information for the diagnosis.
surgical
45
The diagnosis is based on trial and error through therapeutic treatments or drugs. Therapeutic diagnosis can be used correspondingly with clinical and historical information.
therapeutic
46
The diagnosis is based on an educated guess, using data collection, medical and dental histories, lesion history, clinical evaluation, and microscopy reports. Differential diagnosis is based on putting together the information from the other seven diagnostic categories to make a diagnosis.
differential
47
: tiny yellow lobules in clusters usually distributed over buccal mucosa or vermilion border.
fordyce granules
48
exophytic growth of normal compact bone; seen in the midline of hard palate. Can have various shapes and sizes and may be lobulated, and covered by normal soft tissue
torus palatinus
49
outgrowths of normal dense bone found on lingual aspect of mandible in premolar area above the mylohyoid ridge. Usually bilateral, often lobulated or nodular, and can appear fused together.
mandibular tori
50
prominent lingual veins observed on the ventral and lateral surfaces of tongue; red-to-purple enlarged vessels or clusters are seen.
lingual varicosities
51
flat or slightly raised erythematous, rectangular area anterior to the circumvallate papillae.
median rhomboid glossitis
52
Erythematous, depapillated areas with white borders; occasionally complains of burning discomfort.
geographic tongue
53
Describes geographic tongue that is found on mucosal surfaces not on the tongue.
ectopic geographic tongue
54
Deep fissures or grooves on the dorsal surface of the tongue
fissured tongue
55
Elongated filiform papillae that gives a “hairy” appearance. Can be black, white or yellow
hairy tongue
56
Describe the clinical and histologic differences between leukoedema and linea alba.
The clinical features of linea alba is an anterior-posterior white line, while the clinical features of leukodema is a gray-white film giving buccal mucosa an opalescent quality.
The histologic features of linea alba is epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, while the histologic features of leukodema is intracellular edema and acanthosis of the epithelium.
57
Discuss the two risk types of human papillomavirus covered in this chapter
HPV associated with squamous cell carcinoma are high risk
| HPV causing verruca vulgaris (the common wart) are low risk
58
after arriving at a differential diagnosis, information from what category will best establish a final or definitive diagnosis
microscopic
59
descriptive term that would best be used for a freckle
macule
60
which term describes the base of a lesion that is stalklike
pedunculated
61
clinical diagnosis can be used to determine the final or definitive diagnosis of all except
fordyce granules
NOT unerupted supernumerary teeth
mandibular tori
geographic tongue
62
radiographic diagnosis would contribute to the definitive diagnosis of all except
internal resorptions
periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
odontomas
NOT a retained deciduous tooth
63
to determine the presence of blood dyscrasias, which of the following would provide the most definitive information?
laboratory blood tests
64
when an antifungal ointment or cream is used to treat suspected angular chelitis, which one of the following diagnostic categories is being used
therapeutic
65
yellow clusters of ectopic sebaceous glands commonly observed on the buccal mucosa and evaluated through clinical diagnosis are most likely
fordyce granules
66
a slow-growing, bony hard exophytic growth on the midline of the hard palate is developmental and hereditary in origin. The diagnosis is determined through clinical evaluation. you suspect
torus palatinius
67
the "white line" observed clinically on the buccal mucosa that extends from anterior to posterior along the occlusal plane is
linea alba
68
which one of the following occurs as an erythematous area, is devoid of filiform papillae, is oval to rectangular in shape, and is on the midline of the dorsal surface of the tongue
median rhomboid glossitis
69
which diagnostic category would the dental hygienist most easily apply to the preliminary evaluation of oral lesions
clinical
70
examples of exotoses are found on the lingual aspect of the mandible in the area of the premolars. they are benign, bony hard, and require no treatment. radiographically, appearing radiopaque areas and are often bilateral
mandibular tori
71
term most often used when describing mandibular tori
lobulated
72
condition is a benign anomaly, has a diffuse gray to white opaque appearance on the buccal mucosa, and is most commonly seen in adult black individuals
leukoedema
73
patient has clinical signs of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Hygienist has patient begin hydrogen peroxide rinses without culturing the bacterial flora. this action applied to what diagnostic category
therapeutic
74
a small circumscribed lesion usually less than 1 cm in diameter that is elevated and protrudes above the surface of normal surrounding tissue is called
papule
75
base of a sessile lesion is
broad and flat
76
identification of which one of the following is not determined by clinical diagnosis
fordyce granules
tori
NOT compound odontoma
retrocuspid papilla
77
another term for geographic tongue
migratory glossitis
78
cause of supernumerary teeth most likely
genetic
79
historical diagnosis can include the patients
age and sex
family history
medical history
80
condition most often seen on buccal mucosa
fordyce granules
81
which is not considered a variant of normal
migratory glossitis
white hary tongue
fissured tongue
NOT hairy leukoplakia
82
which cyst is often described as a radiolucency that scallops around the roots of the teeth involved
traumatic bone
83
what percentage of erythroplakias is diagnosed as severe epithelial dysplasia or squamous cell carcinoma?
90%
84
best describes number of types of HPV? more than
150
85
term best describes leukoplakia
clinical
86
a collection of purulent exudate that has accumulated in a cavity formed by the tissue
abcess
87
relating to or exhibiting chemical changes produced by radiant energy, especially the visible and ultraviolet parts of the spectrum; relating to exposure to the ultraviolet rays of sunlight
actinic
88
a course of disease that is either of short duration or one that is both short and relatively severe
acute
89
formation and differentiation of blood vessels
fangiogenesis
90
decrease in size and function of a cell, tissue, organ, or whole body
atrophy
91
describes a lesion that is at the center of an involved area; in the context of oral lesions, it indicates that the lesion is within bone
central
92
movement of white blood cells, as directed by biochemical mediators, to an area of injury
chemotaxis
93
course of disease persisting for a long time
chronic
94
a nonspecific protein, produced in the liver, that becomes elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or infection
c-reactive protein
95
an abnormal sac or cavity lined by epithelium and surrounded by fibrous connective tissue
cyst
96
the dissolution or destruction of a cell
cytolysis
97
excess plasma or exudate in the interstitial space that results in tissue swelling
edema
98
the passage of white blood cells through the walls of small blood vessels and into injured tissue
emigration
99
the process of being covered with epithelium
epithelialization
100
redness of the skin or mucosa
erythema
101
fluid with a high protein content that leaves the microcirculation during an inflammatory response
exudate
102
exudate consists of serum that contains
white blood cells, fibrin, and other protein molecules
103
elevation of body temperature to greater than the normal level of 37degreesC (98.6degreesF)
fever
104
formation of fibrous tissue, as normally occurs in healing
fibroplasia
105
an abnormal passage that leads from an abscess to the body surface
fistula
106
initial connective tissue formed in healing
granulation tissue
107
collection of macrophages usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes
granuloma
108
excess of blood within blood vessels in a part of the body
hyperemia
109
an enlargement of a tissue or organ resulting from an increase in the number of normal cells; the result of increased cell division
hyperplaisa
110
an enlargement of a tissue or organ resulting from an increase in the size of its individual cells, but not in the number of cells
hypertrophy
111
nonspecific response to injury that involves the microcirculation and its blood cells
inflammation
112
temporary increase in number of white blood cells circulating in blood
leukocytosis
113
disease process that is confined to a limited location in the body; not general or systemic
local
114
abnormal enlargement of lymphnodes
lymphadenopathy
115
second type of white blood cell to arrive at the site of injury; it participates in phagocytosis during inflammation and continues to be active in the immune response
macrophage
116
process during inflammation in which white blood cells tend to move to the periphery of the blood vessel at the site of injury
margination
117
small blood vessels, including arterioles, capillaries, and venules
microcirculation
118
a fibroblast that has some of the characteristics of smooth muscle cells, such as the ability to contract
myofibroblast
119
pathologic death of one or more cells, or a portion of tissue, or an organ that results from irreversible damage to cells
necrosis
120
first white blood cell to arrive at a site of injury; primary cell involved in acute inflammation; also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte
neutrophil
121
process of becoming opaque
opacification
122
enhancement of phagocytosis by a process in which a pathogen is marked, with opsonins, for destruction by phagocytes
opsonization
123
adherence of white blood cells to blood vessel walls during inflammation
pavementing
124
located away from the center; in the context of oral lesions, peripheral indicates that the lesion is within the gingival tissue or alveolar mucosa
peripheral
125
ingestion and digestion of particulate materials by cells
phagocytosis
126
secretion containing or forming pus
purulent
127
pertaining to the root of a tooth
radicular
128
process by which injured tissue is replaced with tissue identical to that present before the injury
regeneration
129
restoration of damaged or diseased tissues by cellular change and growth
repair
130
secretion having a watery consistency; relating to serum
serous
131
pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole; a disease process pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole
systemic
132
fluid component of blood that normally passes through the endothelial cell walls of the microcirculation
transudate
133
disease process that results from injury that causes tissue damage
traumatic injury
134
ring of lymphatic tissue formed by the two palatine tonsils, the pharyngeal tonsil, the lingual tonsil, and intervening lymphoid tissue
waldeyer's ring
135
clinical localized signs of inflammation
redness (erythema) and heat
swelling
pain
loss of normal tissue function
136
systemic clinical sings of inflammation
fever
leukocytosis
lyphadenopathy
elevated c-reactive protein
137
what is the body's initial response to injury
the inflammatory response
