Chapter 1

Question 1

Building blocks of the nervous system

Answer 1

Neurons

Question 2

2 kinds of nerve fibers

Answer 2

Dendrites & Axons

Question 3

Dendrites

Answer 3

afferent (sensory)

Question 4

Axons

Answer 4

efferent (motor)

Question 5

Neurotransmitter for movement

Answer 5

Acetylcholine (ACH)

Question 6

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 6

Brain & Spinal Cord

Question 7

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 7

Cranial Nerves (12) & Spinal Nerves (31)

Question 8

“Relay Station”

Answer 8

Thalamus- integrates sensory info and relays it to cortical areas. Receives info about motor impulses from basal ganglia & cerebellum and relays these to the motor areas of the cortex

Question 9

Structures of the basal ganglia

Answer 9

caudate nucleus, lenticular nucleus (putamen & globus pallidus). Also, subthalamic nuclei & substantia nigra

Question 10

Basal Ganglia

Answer 10

Plays an important role in inhibition and facilitation of movement. Damage can lead to unusual posture, involuntary movements (dyskinesias) and dysarthrias

Question 11

Interconnected cavities filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 11

Cerebral Ventricles

Question 12

Structure that produces CSF

Answer 12

Choroid plexus - contained in the ventricles

Question 13

Four Ventricles

Answer 13

2 lateral ventricles are the largest and found below the corpus callosum, foreman of munro connects them to the 3rd ventricle, and the cerebral aqueduct connects it to the 4th ventricle.

Question 14

Communication fiber tracts in the CNS (3)

Answer 14

Projection fibers, commissural fibers, and association fibers

Question 15

Projection fibers

Answer 15

Transmit sensory (afferent) info to the brain from peripheral organs, transmit motor (efferent) info to muscles from the cortex

Question 16

Corona Radiata

Answer 16

Projection fibers near cortex that are arranged in a fan like area

Question 17

Internal Capsule

Answer 17

When projection fibers reach the level of the thalamus and basal gaglia they become compacted and concentrated in this area

Question 18

Projection fiber pathways

Answer 18

Pyramidal pathway, extrapyramidal pathway, & vestibular-reticular system

Question 19

Pyramidal pathway

Answer 19

Passes through area called pyramids in the brain stem and is responsible for initiating most skilled volitional movements

Question 20

Groups of nerve fibers of the pyramidal pathway (2)

Answer 20

Corticalbulbar tract & corticalspinal tract

Question 21

This group of nerve fibers sends neural info from cortex to cranial nerves via synapses w/ cranial nerve neurons in brain stem

Answer 21

Corticalbulbar tract

Question 22

This group of nerve fibers sends neural info from cortex to spinal nerves via synapses with spinal nerves in spinal cord

Answer 22

Corticalspinal tract

Question 23

Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)

Answer 23

The cell bodies of the corticalbulbar and corticalspinal tracts make up the UMN’s are located around the primary motor cortex

Question 24

Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)

Answer 24

The axons of the corticalbulbar and corticalspinal tracts synapse at the level of the brain stem and spinal cord with neurons then travel to the cranial or spinal muscles

Question 25

These fibers help maintain communication among structures within a hemisphere (intrahemispheric fibers)

Answer 25

Association fibers

Question 26

This association fiber connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area

Answer 26

Arcuate Fasciculus (superior longitudinal)

Question 27

These fibers connect corresponding areas of both hemispheres (intrehemispheric connectors)

Answer 27

Commissural fibers

Question 28

Most important commissural fiber

Answer 28

Corpus Callosum - damage results in a disconnect between the two hemispheres

Question 29

Logitudinal fissure

Answer 29

Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

Question 30

Fissure of Rolando

Answer 30

(Central sulcus) - divides anterior half of brain from posterior half

Question 31

Sylvan fissure

Answer 31

(Lateral cerebral fissure) begins at the inferior frontal lobe and moves laterally/upward, areas around this fissure are important for speech

Question 32

2 functional categories of the cortex

Answer 32

Primary cortex & association areas

Question 33

Primary cortex

Answer 33

Responsible for specific motor or sensory info

Question 34

Association areas

Answer 34

Responsible for interpreting sensory info and planning motor activity

Question 35

Primary motor cortex

Answer 35

(Precentral gyrus)- Located in frontal lobe, controls voluntary movements of opposite side of body

Question 36

Broca's Area

Answer 36

Located in the left, posterior part of the frontal lobe at the juncture of the lateral and central fissures, important for controlling motor movements involved in speech

Question 37

Premotor cortex

Answer 37

Frontal association area in front of the primary motor cortex important for planning and initiating complex voluntary movements

Question 38

Primary sensory cortex

Answer 38

(post central gyrus) located in the parietal lobe just behind the central fissure and is a strip controlling and integrating somesthetic sensory impulses

Question 39

Two gyri in the parietal lobe that are important for speech and language

Answer 39

Supramarginal gyrus & angular gyrus

Question 40

Damage to the supramarginal gyrus

Answer 40

Could cause agraphia (difficulty writing) or conduction aphasia

Question 41

Dame to the angular gyrus

Answer 41

Could cause naming, reading, writing difficulties as well as transcortical sensory aphasia

Question 42

Parietal association area

Answer 42

Important for processing tactile information

Question 43

Important gyri in the temporal lobe (3)

Answer 43

Superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus

Question 44

Primary auditory cortex

Answer 44

Located in the temporal lobe important for receiving and interpreting auditory info

Question 45

Wernicke's Area

Answer 45

Located (partially) in the temporal lobe and is important for comprehending speech, written material, processing semantic and syntactic info, and nonverbal sounds

Question 46

Temporal association area

Answer 46

Important for discriminating and processing auditory info and for language related processes

Question 47

How voluntary movement occurs (7 steps)

Answer 47

1. The premotor cortex makes a plan for the intended movement and codes it in a way the primary cortex will understand. (Note Broca’s area is the lower part of the premotor cortex.) 2. The plan is sent to the primary cortex. 3. The primary motor cortex sends the command and control information needed to execute the plan down through the brain via the pyramidal tract. 4. If the info is for speech muscles the info is sent via the corticobulbar tract to the cranial nerves. - -or--If the info is for other body movement it is sent via the corticospinal tract to the spinal nerve. 5. The vestibular-reticular system adjusts balance and posture before and during the movement. 6. The cerebellum modulates the rate, force and direction of the movement. 7. The extrapyramidal system adjusts muscle tone and posture to make the movement smooth and continuous.

Question 48

Protective layers of the brain (bones, membranes, and fluids)

Answer 48

Skull, Meninges (membranes), and CSF

Question 49

Skull

Answer 49

Encloses brain, brainstem inside a space called the cranial vault with the foramen magnum allowing the brain stem to connect to the spinal cord

Question 50

Meninges 3 layers

Answer 50

Dura mater- most superficial, arachnoid mater- middle, pia mater- attached to the brain

Question 51

Associated spaces around the meninges

Answer 51

Epidural – between inner bone of skull and dura, Subdural – beneath dura, Subarachnoid – between arachnoid and pia mater- surrounds brain and spinal cord, connected to interior of brain through ventricular system and is filled with CSF