Chapter 1

Question 1

factors of abnormal behavior

Answer 1

being different, acting differently (deviance), behaving dysfunctionally, acting dangerously.

Question 2

abnormal behavior

Answer 2

behavior inconsistent with the individual’s developmental, cultural, and societal norms, and creates emotional distress or impairs everyday functioning. 47% of population have suffered psych disorder

Question 3

socioeconomic status

Answer 3

family income and educational achievement. psych disorders except substance abuse occur more frequently with groups of lower SES. same rate of development, smaller rate of overcoming.

Question 4

developmental trajectory

Answer 4

the idea that the common symptoms of a disorder vary according to a person’s age.

Question 5

trephination

Answer 5

cutting away sections of the skull, ancient way to treat psych disorders.

Question 6

emotional contagion

Answer 6

the automatic mimicry and syntonizations of expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements of one person by another

Question 7

placebo effect

Answer 7

diminished or eliminated symptoms because patient believes treatment is effective, not because of any specific treatment

Question 8

psychoanalysis

Answer 8

a comprehensive theory that attempts to explain both normal and abnormal behavior. Roots of abnormal behavior caused from first 5 years of life.

Question 9

id

Answer 9

completely subconscious, greedily drives desires

Question 10

ego

Answer 10

mediates id. copes with reality, both conscious and unconscious

Question 11

superego

Answer 11

moral restraint on id’s impulses, punishes with guilt feelings.

Question 12

freudian phases of development

Answer 12

oral phase: 0-1.5yrs, sucking and chewing.
anal phase: 1.5-3yrs, discipline, control, power struggles.
phallic phase: 3-5yrs, psychosexual energy centers on genital area, romantic fantasies involving op-sex parent.

Question 13

fixation

Answer 13

negative experiences in certain phases of development create abnormal behavior later on pertaining to specific phase

Question 14

goals of psychoanalysis

Answer 14

insight: bringing troubling material to consciousness
catharsis: release of psychic energy

Question 15

free association

Answer 15

psychoanalysis technique to minimize conscious control, tell therapist all that comes to mind, allowing analyst to draw out subconscious conflicts

Question 16

classical conditioning

Answer 16

(natural) unconditioned stimulus produces unconditioned response, new conditioned stimulus is conditioned to produce conditioned response (same as unconditioned)

Question 17

behaviorism

Answer 17

studies of scientifically observable behaviors, all behaviors are learned as a result of of experiences or interactions with environment.
John B Watson

Question 18

scientist-practitioner model

Answer 18

when providing treatment, psychologists rely on findings of research. The psychologist, when conducting research, investigates topics that guide and improve treatment.

Question 19

brain

Answer 19

100 billion brain cells (neurons) with spaces (synapses) between them. neurotransmitters are released into synapse when neuron fires, and land on receptor site of next neuron, cycling through networks to create communication

Question 20

biological scarring

Answer 20

years of living with psych disorders causes scarring in the brain.

Question 21

measuring of brain function

Answer 21

positron emission topography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allow researchers to study what parts of the brain affect/are affected by disorders.

Question 22

behavioral genetics

Answer 22

some behavioral traits (healthy and unhealthy) are heritable.

Question 23

viral infection theory

Answer 23

viral infection during prenatal or shorty after birth, might cause brain abnormalities that later cause behavioral abnormalities. contradictory findings right now. acting directly by infecting central nervous system, or indirectly by changing immune system making more susceptible.

Question 24

modern psychoanalysis

Answer 24

Mature relationships important, patterns begin to form in childhood, mental representations guide actions. methods such as ego psychology deviate from freud by focusing on conscious motivations and healthy forms of functioning

Question 25

analytic therapy

Answer 25

behavioral motivators psychological and spiritual, not sexual. Carl Jung

Question 26

systematic desensitization

Answer 26

by Wolpe. Using a hierarchy of fears in order to work up to the biggest fear by gradually pairing fear trigger with incompatible behavior (feelings of being happy or relaxed)

Question 27

operant conditioning

Answer 27

behavior shaped by response/what happens afterward.

Question 28

reinforcement

Answer 28

something that strengthens (makes more likely to repeat or be stronger) behavior that precedes it. primary reinforcers respond to basic needs, secondary reinforcers have acquired value due to association with primaries. Skinner

Question 29

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 29

when and how of reinforcer is most likely to be successful.

Question 30

punishment

Answer 30

decreases or eliminates behavior, counterpart to reinforcement

Question 31

positive vs negative

Answer 31

paired with reinforcement or punishment. positive adds something, negative takes something away.

Question 32

vicarious conditioning

Answer 32

third type of learning. Albert Bandura. No trial learning. Watching model results in learning of behavior, a kind of social learning.

Question 33

cognitive model

Answer 33

abnormal behavior result of distorted cognitive processes. situations and events do not affect our emotions and behavior, our analysis and thinking about them does. negative assumptions called cognitive distortions Aaron Beck

Question 34

cognitive therapy (CT)

Answer 34

to modify thought processes. use behavioral experiments with patients so they challenge thought process. more focused on changing thoughts vs behavior, uses more talk psychotherapy than BT.

Question 35

phenomenology

Answer 35

belief that one's subjective experience of world is more important than actual world, basis of self-actualization in humanistic therapy.

Question 36

self-actualization

Answer 36

people develop to their full potential.

Question 37

client-centered therapy

Answer 37

release individual's capacity to self-actualize through interactions. Empathic understanding (understand world thru client's eyes) and unconditional positive regard (genuinely accepting client and their ability to change)

Question 38

sociocultural models

Answer 38

abnormal behavior must be understood within the context of social and cultural behavior. for example, group healing may be helpful in avoiding PTSD after trauma events, dissociation normal in Puerto Rico but abnormal here.

Question 39

gender role

Answer 39

cultural expectations regarding accepted behaviors for men/women, boys/girls.

Question 40

culture-bound syndrome

Answer 40

how psychological disorders may express themselves differently in different cultures.

Question 41

biopsychosocial perspective

Answer 41

many different factors lead to development of abnormal behavior and different factors are important for different people.

Question 42

diathesis-stress model

Answer 42

diathesis (bio- or psycho-logical vulnerability) combined with stress (environmental factors) lead to distress and/or dysfunction, which can be called a psychological disorder