Chapter 1 - 3: Intro, Methods, & Social Cognition Flashcards

Question

What is cross-cultural?

Answer 1

Different cultures or comparison between them

Answer 2

aspects of people's personalities that make them different from other people

Answer 3

when we think someone acts a certain way because of their personality while ignoring how the situation might have affected their behaviour

Answer 4

shaped by outside influenced rather than internal thoughts or feelings

Answer 5

Focuses on how people personally perceive things in their minds, rather than just their physical features e.g., looking at complex image, landscape, we tend to focus on the overall scene and understand it as a whole, rather than just paying attention to individual parts (like trees or mountains) separately. We see the bigger picture instead of analyzing each element in isolation

Answer 6

people's evaluation of their own self-worth

Answer 7

how we think about, understand, and remember information about other people and social situations e.g., meeting someone new, social cognition helps you form impressions based on their behaviour, appearance and what you know about similar people. It influences how you interact with them and perceive your social relationships

Answer 8

Study examines how people with different levels of self-esteem react to flattery, with those having lower self-esteem being more influenced by it Key ideas: - people with low self-esteem are more likely to be influenced by compliments and praise Results: - 100% of participants gave reasons for why low self-esteem individuals might be more affected by flattery (possibly because they seek validation) - 93.2% of participants were not surprised by the finding

Answer 9

Over time, students' grades and self-ratings of their abilities, especially in writing, have increased Results: - Grade inflation (+): grades have increased over time - Self-rated ability (+): students rated their overall abilities higher - Self-rated writing ability (+): students rated their writing skills much higher

Answer 10

Reactive Measure: may influence the behaviour studied e.g., questionnaire on racism Nonreactive (less reactive) Measure: does not influence behaviour e.g., reaction time in racial primes (images, words, or situations)

Answer 11

Focusing on how often people used self-references like "I" or "me" vs. group references like "we" o "us" Results: as the group size increased, individuals used fewer self-references and thought less about themselves, focusing more on the group

Answer 12

The study explored how language in books reflects changes in societal attitudes over time Results: books started focusing more on individual experiences and less on group

Answer 13

Jane Goodall lived with chimpanzees and other animals in their natural habitat. She interacted closely with them, while male researchers observed from a distance in huts Results: allowed her to study animals more closely than others who stayed far away

Answer 14

people's exaggeration of predicting the outcome after knowing that it occurred e.g., sports team fan - "I knew they would win" when they had doubts before the game

Answer 15

Helps explain and understand certain observations or events in the world

Answer 16

Clear, testable statement that predicts how two or more variables are related to each other

Answer 17

clear and specific explanation of how a variable will be measured or changed in a study e.g., measuring happiness, use questionnaire to rate mood on a scale from 1 to 10

Answer 18

research technique where they observe people and systematically record measurements of their behaviour

Answer 19

research method where they try to understand a group of culture by observing them from the inside without letting their own biases or assumptions affect their observations

Answer 20

level of agreement between two or more observers who independently assess and categorize the same set of data - High interjudge reliability means different observers reached similar conclusions

Answer 21

form of observational method where they study existing documents or records from particular group or culture, diaries, novels, magazines, newspaper, to gather insights and understand historical or social trends

Answer 22

Research technique involving systematically measuring two or more variables to determine relationship between them. Helps understand how one variable may predict or be associated with another

Answer 23

Statistical measure indicating strength and direction of the relationship of two variables

Answer 24

Research method where group of people are chosen to represent larger population and asked questions about their attitudes, opinions or behaviours

Answer 25

Method used to choose participants for a study that gives everyone in the population an equal chance of being included

Answer 26

Method that involves randomly assigning participants to different groups or conditions while keeping everything else the same, except for independent variable

Answer 27

Changes or manipulates in experiment to observe its effects on another variable e.g., amount of study time (I.V.) affect test scores

Answer 28

Determines if it is affected by changes in independent variable e.g., effect of study time on test scores (D.V.), measure to see how they change based on different amount of study time

Answer 29

Method used to experiments to ensure that every participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group or condition (individual differences, such as personality, background, etc.)

Answer 30

Statistical measure indicates likelihood that the results of an experiment occurred by chance rather than being influenced by independent variable(s)

Answer 31

experiment accurately establishes that the independent variable is the only factor affecting the dependent variable e.g., experiment testing new med, researchers control factors like participant's age, diet, and health conditions and randomly assign them to med group or placebo group - helps ensure changes in health outcomes can be confidently attributed to medication, not other factors

Answer 32

Findings of study can be applied to different groups of people or in different circumstance e.g., new teaching method conducted by college students assess on high school students or to different educational settings, effective to all kinds of students * Findings are relevant to the real world *

Answer 33

Experiences and processes activated during an experiment mirrors those that people encounter in real-life situations - Participants' responses in the study reflect how they would react outside of the lab e.g., study on stress, participants will react with feeling stressed, anxiety, just like in a real situation

Answer 34

Description of the purpose of a study given to participants that is different from its true purpose - Prevents them from altering their behaviours based on what they think the study is about

Answer 35

Experiment conducted in natural settings rather than in the laboratory

Answer 36

Repeating a study with different subject populations in different settings, or by using different methods

Answer 37

Statistical technique combining results of multiple studies to determine overall effect on an independent variable

Answer 38

Aims to understand why people behave the way they do, driven by curiosity rather than trying to solve specific problem

Answer 39

Focused on finding solutions to specific social problems

Answer 40

Agreement to participate in an experiment

Answer 41

Method used to mislead participants about the true purpose of a study or details of what will happen during the experiment

Answer 42

Explanation to participants of what the true purpose of the study during ends of experiment

Answer 43

Schemas are mental representations of objects or categories They help us: - Categorize events: understand what we're experiencing - Predict events: know what to expect - Interpret events: make sense of events They organize information, influence what we notice, and help us navigate life, but can sometimes be inaccurate

Answer 44

Schemas help by: - Continuity: relating new experiences to past ones (e.g., knowing what a lecture will be like from past experiences) - Reducing information: saving time and effort by processing less information - Reducing ambiguity: making unclear information easier to understand

Answer 45

Schemas about people include: - The self - Dependent people - Intelligent people - Egalitarian people They often form stereotypes, like "students like to party"

Answer 46

Stereotypes are schemas about groups of people They help us quickly judge people based on their group, but can lead to unfair generalizations (assumptions)

Answer 47

They are cognitive structures that help us understand the norms and behaviours tied to social roles They provide information about: - Social categories (e.g., sex, age, race) - Occupations (e.g., doctors, lawyers, professors) - Relationship status (e.g., lover, brother, friend) e.g., knowing how to behave when a friend makes a romantic move on you

Answer 48

Participants watched a video of a woman performing behaviours (e.g., dinner with husband) and told she was a waitress or librarian Results: - Librarian: more recall of "glasses" and "classical music" - Waitress: more recall of "beer drinker" Schemas influence what we notice and remember based on expectations

Answer 49

They guide how we act in certain situations e.g., ordering food or visiting the dentist They define the order of actions with "if-then" rules (e.g., if at the counter, then order)

Answer 50

They are mental shortcuts for quick judgments/decisions "consensus implies correctness" - if everyone agrees on something, we often assume it must be true or correct "more arguments = better case" - can lead to biases and mistakes, like assuming more arguments always improve a case

Answer 51

When people make a judgment based on how easily they can remember examples or information e.g., overestimating airplane accidents because they're memorable. It can help but also lead to errors e.g., overestimating crime rates based on vivid memories

Answer 52

The study found that people tend to overestimate the frequency of something based on what's easier to recall Results: - when more famous men were listed, people thought there were more men - when more famous women were listed, people thought there were more women If they're easier to recall, people think there are more of them

Answer 53

Judging something based on how closely it resembles a category e.g., if it looks like a duck and acts like a duck, we assume it's a duck even if there might be other possibilities e.g., William - is he a farmer or classics scholar?

Answer 54

Real statistics of how common something in a population, but we often ignore them and rely on stereotypes or appearances instead

Answer 55

Participants were given descriptions of successful professionals and asked to judge whether they were engineers or lawyers Condition A: More engineers than lawyers Condition B: More lawyers than engineers Results: Participants ignored the actual base rates (the number of engineers vs. lawyers) and relied more on the descriptions of the individuals - they made judgments based on the person's characteristics, not the statistical likelihood of their profession

Answer 56

Thinking that happens automatically, without us trying or being aware of it (doesn't take effort)

Answer 57

It is how easily schemas or ideas come to mind and influence our judgments about the world around us

Answer 58

Recent experiences make certain ideas or concepts more likely to come to mind and influence our judgments or behaviour

Answer 59

When physical sensations (like touch or movement) trigger mental ideas or schemas

Answer 60

When someone's expectations about another person influence their behaviour, causing the other person to act in a way that confirms those expectations e.g., if a teacher believes a student is shy and avoids calling on them, the student may become more withdrawn, confirming the teacher's belief

Answer 61

Mental shortcuts that help people make quick and efficient judgments e.g., if someone meets a person who is very talkative, they might quickly judge them as friendly without considering other possibilities

Answer 62

Focusing on objects and their properties, without considering the context, common in Western Cultures e.g., a person evaluating a painting by focusing only on the details of the brushstrokes, colours, and shapes, rather than considering the historical context or the artist's background

Answer 63

Focuses on the the big picture and how things are connected, rather than just looking at individual parts, common in East Asian Cultures e.g., noticing how a person's emotions might be influenced by their surroundings, like how a person feels in a group setting compared to being alone

Answer 64

When you think carefully and intentionally, like when you solve a problem or making decisions

Answer 65

Imagining how things could have been different in by changing something from the past

Answer 66

When people are too confident in their judgments, believing they are more accurate tan they actually are e.g., a person confidently predicts outcome of a sports game, but is often wrong due to overestimating judgment

Chapter 1 - 3: Intro, Methods, & Social Cognition Flashcards

(90 cards)