Chapter 4 - 5: Social Perception & The Self Flashcards

Question

What are display rules?

Answer 1

Determine which emotions are appropriate to show in different situations e.g., in some cultures, it's not acceptable to show anger in public

Answer 2

Nonverbal gestures with specific meanings in a culture, often with direct verbal translations e.g., "okay" sign made with the hand

Answer 3

Type of schema where people link certain traits together e.g., if someone is kind, they may also be seen as generous

Answer 4

Study of how people explain the causes of their own and others' behaviour

Answer 5

When we believe a person is behaving a certain way because of something about them, like their attitude, character, or personality

Answer 6

When we believe a person's behaviour is due to the situation they are in, assuming most people would react the same way in that situation

Answer 7

Information that grabs people's attention. We tend to think it's more important or causes behaviour just because it's the focus of our attention

Answer 8

1. We automatically assume someone

Answer 9

When others act a certain way, we think it's because of who they are When we act the same way, we blame the situation instead

Answer 10

When we succeed, we credit ourselves (internal reasons), but when we fail, we blame the situation (external reasons)

Answer 11

Explanations we give for behaviour to protect ourselves or make us less worried about bad things happening to us

Answer 12

Watched video behaviour of man in dorm room Part 1: irrelevant (e.g., eat apple) Part 2: masculine (e.g., lifting weights) Schematics (men with masculine self-schemas) viewed masculine behaviour in larger chunks (e.g., lifting weights as one big action), while aschematics saw it as smaller number of units, chunk larger units

Answer 13

The version of ourselves that we show in different situations (e.g., work, school, with friends), it can change depending on the context

Answer 14

Parts of who we are that stay the same over time e.g., always thinking of yourself as a kind person, even if you are in different situations. This quality of kindness stays constant

Answer 15

You act differently in different situations e.g., you might be serious at work, but more fun with friends

Answer 16

Seeing yourself in a positive way, often giving yourself credit for good things and blaming others or situations for bad things

Answer 17

We credit ourselves for successes and blame external factors for failures. The same goes for our groups, like giving the team credit for wins

Answer 18

We tend to think we're better than most people in things like intelligence, appearance, or driving e.g., many people rate themselves higher than their peers

Answer 19

US professors rated themselves as better than average When rating: Objective traits (like height) -> less bias Subjective traits (like character) -> more bias

Answer 20

Scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory increased over time, showing that college students have become more narcissistic over the years

Answer 21

Overestimate how much bothers share our attitudes and behaviours e.g., climate change, we may assume everyone shares our views

Answer 22

"Do you consider yourself biased against Blacks?" (yes/no response) Results: People who acknowledged bias perceived others, including fellow whites and blacks, as more prejudiced Non-prejudiced individuals tend to believe others were not biased either

Answer 23

Underestimate how much others share our attitudes and behaviours e.g., if someone dislikes a popular TV show, they may assume that very few people feel the same, even though many others might share the same opinion

Answer 24

Found that more self-discrepancies lead to more negative emotions. Not meeting your ideal self causes stronger negative effects than not meeting your ought self e.g., if you want to be a successful scientist (ideal self), but aren't, it may cause more stress than just feeling like you should be successful (ought self)

Answer 25

Found that a mirror affect behaviour differently for Japanese and American students Results: Americans with a mirror - expressed more self-discrepancy Japanese with a mirror - reduced it slightly Japanese without a mirror - expressed more self-discrepancy

Answer 26

Someone creates an excuse for potential failure to protect their self-image e.g., "I didn't do well because I went partying before the exam"

Answer 27

1. Creating obstacles (e.g., getting drunk) 2. Making excuses (e.g., "I'm not feeling well") Research findings: - Men tend to self-handicap more than women, often using drugs or alcohol - Women are more likely to claim physical illness or stress as an excuse

Answer 28

Eastern cultures: focus on "saving face" and avoiding public embarrassment (e.g., renting guests for weddings or funerals in Japan) Western cultures: person might carefully craft their LinkedIn profile to highlight achievements and skills to create a professional image, aiming for career advancement

Answer 29

When someone masks bragging with a complaint or humility to elicit sympathy and impress others e.g., "I can't believe they nominated me for this aware, and now want me to give a talk in front of thousands" Findings: Humble bragging is less effective than simple bragging, leading to reduced liking, perceived competence, compliance with requests, and financial generosity

Answer 30

It is your overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth, essentially how much you like yourself High self-esteem: you regard yourself highly, feel proud, and are satisfied with your attributes and performance (can be linked to aggression or bullying) Low self-esteem: you view yourself as a failure, feel useless, have little self-respect, and are generally dissatisfied with yourself

Answer 31

High self-esteem: after threats, people enhanced their view of the relationship, using it to boost self-worth Low self-esteem: after threats, people doubted their partner's positive feelings and distanced themselves

Answer 32

Study 1: - Female participants worked with confederates (mostly men) and selected people for desert island survival - Some confederates made sexist comments, such as "we need to keep the women in shape" or "we need more women to keep the men satisfied" Study 2: - Women were asked how they would respond to sexism in such situations - Very few confronted the sexist comments even though many claimed they would take action

Answer 33

Ideas we have about ourselves (like our traits and preferences). They help us remember and think about who we are

Answer 34

Defining yourself by your own thoughts, feelings, and actions, rather than by how others think, feel, or act e.g., a person who values their personal opinions and decisions, regardless of what their friends or family think, is using an independent view of the self

Answer 35

Defining yourself based on your relationships with others, recognizing that your behaviour is influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of those around you e.g., a person who makes decisions based on how their family or friends feel about them

Answer 36

Process of looking inward and examining your own thoughts, feelings, and motives e.g., when you take time to reflect on why you feel nervous before a big presentation

Answer 37

When people focus on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behaviour to the internal standards and values e.g., when you look in a mirror before an important meeting and think about whether your actions align with your personal values, you're experiencing self-awareness

Answer 38

Ideas about the causes of our own feelings and behaviours, often learned from culture (e.g., "absence makes the heart grow fonder" meaning you feel more affection for those you love when parted from them) e.g., believing that feeling nervous before a big event means you care about it deeply, based on cultural ideas about emotions

Answer 39

When we're unsure about our attitudes or feelings, we figure them out by observing our behaviour and the situation around us e.g., if you find yourself laughing at a comedy show, you might conclude that you enjoy it, even if you didn't feel strongly about it before

Answer 40

Desire to do something because you enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures e.g., Reading a book simply because you love the story, not because you're being graded or rewarded

Answer 41

The desire to do something because of external rewards or pressures, not because you enjoy the task e.g., studying for a test to get a good grade rather than because you find the subject interesting

Answer 42

When people think their behaviour is driven by external rewards, making them underestimate how much they did it because they genuinely enjoyed it e.g., if you love drawing and then start getting paid for it, you may start to think you only draw for the money, not because you enjoy it

Answer 43

Given for completing a task, regardless of how well it is done e.g., receiving a certificate just for participating in a race, no matter where you finish

Answer 44

Given based on how well we perform a task e.g., earning a bonus at work for meeting a sales target

Answer 45

Idea that we see ourselves through the eyes of others and incorporate their views into our self-concept e.g., if others praise you for being kind, you may start to see yourself as a kind person

Answer 46

Self-esteem acts as a measure, monitoring how accepted or rejected we are by others e.g., if you feel left out of a social group, your self-esteem might drop as a sign of being socially rejected

Answer 47

Having an unrealistically positive view of oneself e.g., believing you're always the best at everything. eve when others outperform you

Answer 48

People seek confirmation of their self-concept whether it's positive or negative. This desire can sometimes conflict with the need to maintain a positive self-view e.g., if you think of yourself as shy, you may seek out situations or feedback that confirm this, even if it hurts your self-esteem

Chapter 4 - 5: Social Perception & The Self Flashcards

(72 cards)