Chapter 1

Question 1

Cross-cultural psychology

Answer 1

• Critical and comparative study of differences and similarities in cultural norms and how these norms influence behavior.
• At least 2 distinct cultures
• Focus on differences as well as universals; looks for underlying reasons for diversity
• Critical analysis of cross-cultural interactions from perspective of the different people

Question 2

Culture

- culture vs. society

Answer 2

Set of attitudes, behaviors, and symbols shared by a large group of people and communicated from generation to generation.
- Culture is a shared way of interaction. Society is composed of ppl

Question 3

Culture: Implicit vs. explicit characteristics

Answer 3

Implicit- organizing principles that lie behind explicit patterns (grammar, hidden rules of bargaining, behavioral expectancies in a situation)

Explicit- observable acts/practices, covert customs (wearing particular type of clothing

Question 4

Attitudes

Answer 4

include beliefs, values, general knowledge, opinions, superstitions, stereotypes

Question 5

Behaviors

Answer 5

include norms, roles, customs, traditions, habits, practices, fashions

Question 6

Symbols

Answer 6

are things/ideas which ppl give meaning to

Question 7

Characteristics of culture - 5

Answer 7

1. Survival and adaptation
2. Learned through social interactions
3. Dynamic (changes continuously)
4. Tangible and also intangible
5. Cyclical and self-reinforcing

Question 8

Race

- History of race

Answer 8

Group of people with similar genetic and physical characteristics
( heritable traits, morphonological, behavioral and physical)
- Negoid race occurred in sub saharan 110,00 yrs ago and evolved into monogloid and caucasions

Question 9

Ethnicity

- examples

Answer 9

Common cultural heritage, Language, ancestral origin, traditions, religion, territory
- experience shared by ppl with common origin

Question 10

Nation

Answer 10

Common geographical boundaries,

A group who share common origin, history, language and unified as political entity

Question 11

Religious Affiliation

• 3 Contients predom christian
• % of Christians in US

Answer 11

A person’s beliefs, knowledge and practices related to a specific faith

• Europe, NA, SA
• 78%

Question 12

3 Goals of Cross-Cultural Psychology

Answer 12

1. Applicability -Transport and test (extent to which already established theories in western cultures apply to other cultures)
2. Discovery- New theories that are unique to a culture
3. Integration- Comprehensive effort (universal principles)

Question 13

4 Types of Knowledge in C-C Psychology

Answer 13

1. Scientific -Based in scientific inquiry and psychological theory; derived from observation, measurement, evaluation of psych phenomena
2. Popular (folk)-Everyday knowledge from common beliefs and individual opinions; can be general or specific. May or may not be in line with scie theories
3. Ideological (value based)-Stable set of beliefs based on a principle or value (e.g., good vs. evil, purpose of life) diff from pop bc its grounded on unwavering principles which do not require empiricism. Tends to be dogmatic and go unchallenged
4. Legal-Laws and official rules for people to function in a given culture. Rules used to pass judgements about behavior

Question 14

Power Distance

• High
• Low
• Examples of hi and low

Answer 14

Extent to which the group accepts inequality in power (leader vs. the led)

• Accept it; tend to assign stricter rules assoc with social status (father head of house)
• Equality preferred; less preoccupied with behavioral rules
• U.S. is egalitarian and LPD, Japan and South Korea Hi (Hierachial)

Question 15

Masculine vs. Feminine

Answer 15

Responsible. Decisive, ambitious vs. caring, sensitive, agreeable

Question 16

Uncertainty Orientation 
(2)

Answer 16

common ways used by ppl to handle uncertainty; measured on continuum of avoidance vs. acceptance

Question 17

Uncertainty Avoidance

• is?
• High
• Low
• Examples

Answer 17

degree that society feels uncomfortable with uncertainty

HI: tend to support beliefs promising certainty and to maintain institutions protecting conformity
Low: tend to be noncomformitsts, unpredictable, creative in new forms of thinking

• Eastern (Japan/China) more Uncertainty avoid ant
• Western (France/Canada) less

Question 18

2 types of cultural roots: Traditional vs. Nontraditional

- Traditional

Answer 18

Based on traditions, rules, symbols, principles established in the past. Tends to be defined in local boundaries. Conservative/intolerant of innovations.
Prescribed social roles – individuals know what is expected of them and behave accordingly, little choice in actions; no need for corecion; truth established an no need for debate

Question 19

Non traditional culture

Answer 19

• AKA Modern
• based on new principles, ideas
• science and technology based
• absorbing and dynamic; image of reality expanding
• embraces freedom of choice which may lead to psych problems with array of options leading to choice congestion
• truth debatable
• vague distinction between good and evil

Question 20

Acculturation

- Goal

Answer 20

• Exchange between two groups
• a host or dominant group and an immigrant (or minority) group
• involves the immigrant group adopting some of the norms and values of a new culture
• Goal is often for new or minority/immigrant group to fit in or function well within the host culture.

Question 21

4 types of acculturation

Answer 21

1. Assimilation- Prefers the norms and values of one’s own culture less and the new culture more (not good)
2. Integration- Prefers the norms and values of one’s own culture as well as the host (new) culture (best)
3. Separation- Prefers the norms and values of one’s own culture more and the new culture less (not good)
4. Marginalization Prefers the norms and values of one’s own culture as well as the new culture less (worst)

Question 22

Individualism

- example

Answer 22

• Concern for self and immediate family as opposed to others and society
• Expect to contribute less to others and in turn have less expectations from others
• use competitive strategies
• High in western

Question 23

Collectivism

- example

Answer 23

• Concern for others; Care for traditions and values
• Group norms, harmony, agreeable
• Expectation to help others and in return, receive support from others
• High in asia (former communist societies)

Question 24

Harry Trandis’s dimensions of collectivism and individualism - 2

Answer 24

1. Vertical- (hierarchy) ppl refer to each other from power standpoints; communicate as employes, benevolence and equality
2. Horizontal- (equality) emphasize equality but not freedom

Question 25

Vertical Individualism | - ex

Answer 25

“I want to do better than everyone else” | - Most American and European systems

Question 26

Vertical Collectivism | - ex

Answer 26

“I want my in-group to do better than all other groups” | –Indian caste system

Question 27

Horizontal Invidualism | - ex

Answer 27

“I want to do as well as everyone else” | - many tradition asian cultures

Question 28

Horizontal collectivism | - ex

Answer 28

“I want my group to do as well as the other groups” – Sweden taxation to decrease inequality

Question 29

3 Disciplinary Approaches to studying C-C psych

Answer 29

1. Evolutionary 2. Sociological 3. Ecocultural

Question 30

Evolutionary Approach

Answer 30

- Explores ways which evolutionary factors affect behavior and experiences. - Survival prime goal of humans - Role of biological factors in human behavior - Natural selection removes cultural norms that have outlived usefulness

Question 31

Sociolgical Approach | - theorists

Answer 31

- How broad social structures influence individual and society as a whole - Social forces shape social norms, and consequently individual makes adjustments to fit in - Culture is both product and forming factor - Main purpose of society is to ensure stability and solidarity (Durkheim, Parsons, etc.)

Question 32

Ecocultural Approach | - 2 theorists

Answer 32

- Reciprocal interaction between individual and their environment transforms individual - Person not passive and influenced by enviro but dynamic who interacts/changes it - Bronfenbrenner & Berry

Question 33

- Bronfenbrenner (4)

Answer 33

individual interacts in different systems: 1. microsystem- Face-to-face interactions with immediate family and friends 2. mesosystem- Links between 2 or more microsystems (e.g., parents and teachers) 3. exosystem - Indirect interactions – media, social organizations, extended family 4. macro system- Customs, values, and beliefs for a specific society

Question 34

Berry (2)

Answer 34

Enviro factors influencing us are Ecological and sociopolitical contexts: 1. Ecological- natural setting where humans interact including economic activity (population density) 2. sociopolitical- extent which ppl participate in global and local decisions; includes ideological values, government, prescence of freedom

Question 35

``` Integrative Approach - is? - 2 focusing factors 1. (2) 2. ```

Answer 35

- The best approach - behavior not result or product of cultural influences but we are free, active, and rationale 1. Activity- process of persons goal directed interaction with enviro. Human motivation, emotions, thoughts, reactions cannot be sep from activity which (1) is determined by socioeconomic, enviro, political, cultural conditions and (2)changes these conditions 2. Access to resources- unifies and separates ppl from one another; affects behavior (oppression is unequal resources that causes inferiority)

Question 36

3 issues in C-C psychology

Answer 36

1. Ethnocentrism 2. Indigenous psychology 3. Multiculturalism

Question 37

Ethnocentrism

Answer 37

- Viewing things from your own cultural perspective only and ignoring other views - exaggeration, supports judgements about other groups, narrows perception - judging from cultural majority

Question 38

Indigenous psychology

Answer 38

Scientific study of human behavior, specifically designed for a people (native) and not necessarily applied from another culture/region - characterized by the use of conceptions and methodologies associated exclusively with the cultural group under investigation * * Cant understand psych of ppl in group without understanding social/historical premises first

Question 39

Multiculturalism | - type

Answer 39

Equality for all cultural and national groups, but each group has a right to their own unique values, norms, and activities - Bicultralism combines features of 2 cultures into a blend

Question 40

Cultural Mixtures approach - c mixes are? - old c-c

Answer 40

Hermans and Kepmen: Cultural Mixtures are C-C interaction, interconnected systems and multiple cultural identities - old C-C assumes cultures are static and confined - However, cultures are moving and mixing, cultural identity is dynamic. Social, technological, economic have transformed them to become hetero and complex