Chapter 2 Flashcards
Cross-Cultural Research
- is?
- 4 goalsa
- 2 categories
- 3 types of C-C research
is a systematic investigation or exploration of the link between culture and behavior.
- Describe
- Explain
- Predict
- Controla
- Quantitative and Qualitiative
- comparative, explanatory, applicability
- Comparative Studies
- Explanatory Studies (aka)
- Applicability Studies (aka)
- compare two or more distinct cultural groups for differences and similarities in a given behavior
- investigate the reasons behind the reported cross-cultural variation; Follow-up studies - referred to as ‘unpackaging’ studies
- Investigate whether an already existing principle can be applied in another culture.
Also called cross-cultural validation studies.
Quantitative
- 4 measurement scales
Use of measures of central tendency (most common data in CC) indicates location of a score distribution on a variable
(3 measures of central tendency)
1. Nominal (categories) score doesn’t equal amount; used only for identification
2. Ordinal (rank and magnitude) score designates order but doesn’t measure difference between ranks
3. Interval (magnitude, equal, interval) equal units of measurement separation each score; includes positive and negative, and zero doesn’t indicate a zero amt.
4. Ratio (magnitude, equal interval, absolute zero)
Qualitative
- challenge
Conducted in natural setting
Describes behavior
Main challenge - subjective
Psychobiographical Research
type of qualitative research; in depth analysis of person from a different culture. Collection of empirical evidence
Emic vs. Etic
- approach emphasizes studying behaviors in a culture from within the system (looking in from within). assumes that the natives of a culture are the best judges of behavior within that context
- approach relies on external sources to study the behavior based on scientific research principles or universal principles.involves an outsider making comparisons across cultures (looking in from outside).
Steps in C-C research (9)
I. Research questions II. Theoretical background Literature review III. Hypothesis formation IV. Research design - Operational definition of variables - Quantitative vs. Qualitative design V. Sampling VI. Measurement instruments VII. Observation and data collection VIII. Data analysis and interpretation IX. Conclusions and Replication
- Research Questions (2)
- Literature Review
- Application Oriented strategy (apply to another culture) attempts to establish applicability of research findings from one country to another
- Comparativist Strategy (differences and similarities)
- More extensive. Especially if there is less published on that specific cultural group
Sample Selection -3
- Connivence sampling (accidental)- choosing culture by chance, popular but limitations such as certain groups receiving more attention
- Sytematic – selection based on a theory (female circumcision)
- Random – (representative sample) sample accurately reflects characteristics of the population
Observations
- problem in C-C research
- 4 types
- Difficult bc it should use identifiable and measurable variables
1. Naturalistic
2. Laboratory (controlled environment)
3. Surveys
4. Experimental studies
Survey Methods
- in C-C research
- 2 types
- Most common technique of data collection in C-C research
1. Direct Surveys- interviewer maintains direct communication with the respondent and able to provide feedback
2. Indirect- no direct communication, questions typically mailed
Content Analysis
- is?
- procedure (2)
- when is it used
research method that organizes and summarizes the manifest (i.e., what was said) and the latent (i.e., meaning) content of communication
Main procedure consists of:
1. identify coding strategies (nouns, concepts) first level coding involves identifying properties of data
2. Second level coding more abstract and involves interpreting first level
- preferable when can’t use questionnaires only verbal methods
Focus Group Methodology
- is?
- advantages
- focus group
- problems (2)
Analysis of different views on an issue through group discussion; used both in academic and marketing research
- Advantages is opportunity to analyze social, gender and ethnic discourse on some issues in depth
- Usually 7-10 ppl, either homo or heterogenous
- not random and lack of external validity
Meta-analysis
- advantage
- disadvantage
Statistical method of quantitative analysis of large collection of research findings on a given topic and integrate the findings (Research of research) (combined tests)
- Reliance on stat formulas and inclusion of all data
- Comparing diff defined variables and unlike meas techs and pays attention to largely published studies with signf findings only
Equivalence
- the extent to which concepts, assessment instruments and procedures used in data collection have the same meaning in the different cultures studied
- Evidence that methods selected for study measure same phenomena across other countries
