Chapter 6

Question 1

Emotions

• def(3)
• 3

Answer 1

A response or reaction to an internal or external environment. an evaluative response that includes combo of physio arousal, subjective exp (pos,neg) and behavioral expression
 It consists of 3 components:
Physiological
Cognitive
Behavioral

Question 2

Theories of emotion-3

Answer 2

1. James- lange theory
2. Cannon-Bard
3. Schachter and Singer

Question 3

James-lange theory:

• is
• sequence
• criticism

Answer 3

Event -> Physiological reaction -> emotion
emotion is embedded into bodily experience. Physical exp leads to arousal which stimulates subjective exp of anxiety, fear ect. (ppl don’t jump bc they are happy rather they become happy bc they jump) We are sad because we cry
- Does not make common sense

Question 4

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 4

Event -> physiological reaction & Emotion (simultaneous)

various life situations can simulatenously elicit both emotional exp and bodily responses

Question 5

Schachter and Singer theory

Answer 5

Event ->Physiological reaction & Cognitive
Appraisal = Emotion
In every emotion we first exp state of physio arousal then try to explain to ourselves what it means

Question 6

2 Cross-Cultural Alternatives

Answer 6

− To apply cross-culturally: two basic alternatives

1. All human emotions are universal with sim physio mechansims and the specific cultural enviro only applies some make-up on human affect (joy expressed diff but felt same regardless of diffs in expression)
2. Emphasizes both cultural orgin and cultural specifity of emotion: all human emotions develop in specific cultural conditions and therefore best understood in cult context

Question 7

Are human emotions universal?

- 2

Answer 7

The experience of human emotions is universal – happy, sad, angry, etc.
However, human emotions are culturally constructed – if you have little contact with a cultural group, you are less able to decode their emotions

Question 8

• Schimmack Meta-analysis

- other research demonstrates

Answer 8

white subjects were better than non-white subjects in recognizing happiness, fear, anger, and disgust, but not surprise and sadness

• Other research has demonstrated that there are cultural differences in accuracy and speed with which emotions of other people can be judged

Question 9

How do emotions develop?

- 3

Answer 9

Genetic
Socialization – cultivated in children
Personality/Environmental

Question 10

Darwin: emotions

Answer 10

suggested basic human emotional expressions simliar bc they serve adaptive purpose. Emotions regulate social behavior and protect ppl from danger; anger and fear related to fight-or-flight. In all cultures fear causes a defensive reaction in dangerous situations

Question 11

Cross-cultural universal similarities in?

-2

Answer 11

shows universal patterns in vocal expression of emotion and c-c invariance in behavioral expression of complex emotions (envy)

Question 12

Men and Women: expression of emotions

Answer 12

− Men show more anger, women more sadness and fear

Question 13

Emotional Recognition

Answer 13

is the process of identification, description, and explanation of an emotional expression

Question 14

C-C in emotional recognition - 3

Answer 14

− ER shows c-c similarities
− Recogniton of emotional intonation in voice is similar
− People across cultures not only easily recognize basic emotions but also use same muscle groups to express feelings; most around world able to infer emotion from vocal cues

Question 15

Langage for emotions

• 2 similarities
• evidence that distant parts of world?

Answer 15

1. in way ppl name emotions across cultures; equiv words for every english term for emotions. All languages make distinctions btwn postitve and negative affect
2. in ways diff languages define so-called basic emotions (most classifications include 5-9 emotions)
   − Evidence that ppl living in distnat parts of world developed similar linguistic labels for certain complex emotions which indicates some unviersal roots of human emotional exp

Question 16

Overall, the similarities? (3)

Answer 16

we react to external events and bodily signals with similar facial expressions, physio changes, and subjective exps of pleasure, displeasure

Question 17

Main difference in emotion

Answer 17

there is not one single universal description of basic emotions

Question 18

Differences in 3? suggest?

Answer 18

expression of emotional experience, lingustic variety in labeling of emotions and distinct socialization practices all suggest culture specific orgins of human emotions

Question 19

Explanation for differences in emotion?

Answer 19

ppls emotions vary bc they are based on diff experiences related to their culure in which they orginate

Question 20

2 differences related to emotion

Answer 20

1. diff in freq and signficance of common emotional reactions (diffs in degree of exp postive and neg emotions)
2. Culture vary in linguistic descriptions of emotion

Question 21

Despite facial recognition similarities?

- diffs in emotional recog exist why?

Answer 21

− Despite similarites in facial recognition some cultures vary in degree of agreeement;
− Diffs in emotional recognition may exist bc some emotional expressions are cultivated in children during the socialization process and some arent

Question 22

emotion as a multi componential process (7)

Answer 22

first emotion is initiated, there is an underlying physio process for the emotion, emotion is experience, then displayed or hidden, affects our descions, emotion may cause others, and eventually fades

Question 23

Physio arousal

• similiarties?
• universally?
• unpleasant emotions assoc with?
• c-c emotion with sim physio response? (2)

Answer 23

− Significant similiarities in underlying physio mechansims of emotions
− Universally we detect stimuli from our surrounding and our body, signal then goes to brain, amygadal serves as brains emotional computer, it assesss the affective signf of stimulus, then hypothalamus activates sympathetic and endocrine responses. Brains cortex appraises stimuli
− Research shows that pleasant emotions assoc with left frontal cortex and unpleasant assoc with right
− Cross culturally embarrasment has sim physio responses such as increase body temp
- c-culturally blood pressure changes when we express emotion

Question 24

Preceding event

• is
• c-c similarity
• c-c similarity ex

Answer 24

the environmental circumstances and individual reactions that have a strong impact on particular emotional experiences. There is always something that causes or intiates an emotion

• basic emotions are marked by similar events
• similarites found in perception of events that cause ppl to exp jealousy and envy

Question 25

Preceding event differences

• diff
• evidence of
• large # of preceding events can?
• also evidence that particular emotions can?

Answer 25

• same situations can be interpretated diff across cultures and lead to diff emotions
  − There is evidence for cultural diffs in emotion-eliciting events
  − A large number of preceding events can produce similar emotional resposneses of diff cultures suggesting high degree of similiarity in human emotional senstivity to life events or conditions
  − Also evidence that particular emotions can be elcited by culture specfic events

Question 26

Evaluations of Emotion

• is
• cultural beliefs

Answer 26

is individ assesment of emotions according to certain criteria or principles (cultural norms influence despite individ diffs)
− People may carry cultural beliefs about which emotions are most signf to particular social roles or social settings

Question 27

Feeling rules

• are
• evidence of certainty in response?
• implication of feeling rules

Answer 27

are particular cultural rules about how to feel in particular situations (we consider how laughter might evoke positvie or negative response from others). An emotion can be felt differntly considering the context in which its dispalyed
− Evidence that individs feel more certain about meaning of events and give more certain emotional responses where there are clear norms about how to interpret these events and how to respond to them (ex is cutural and religious beliefs and anxiety related to sexual practices)
− ppl can manage their emotional states; cross cult evidence that ppl can influence level of happiness by learning to feel positive

Question 28

When we evaluate our emotional experience

• we?
• 5

Answer 28

make assessment not only about their exp of emotions along dimensions of pleasure or displeasure but also along several other dimensions; they try to determine if their emotions are: 1. Caused by a familiar of unfamiliar event 2. Suggest existnec of obstacle 3. Create sense of being in charge or being out of control 4. Increase or decrease self-esteem 5. Cause praise, reproach, or mockery by one’s group

Question 29

Differences in dimensions (collect vs. indv)

Answer 29

− The freq in which these dimensions are used can vary; those events that have impact on family or social group have greater impact on collectivists than individualits. Events that may affect one’s self esteem, succes, professional acheivemtn more converns of individualitsts

Question 30

Stress

• is (2)
• culturally determined?

Answer 30

− the realization of a challenge to a person’s capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands; 2 components: a psychobio process and entails a transaction btwn ppl and their enviros
− The ways ppl evaluate stress and the situations considered stressful are culturally determined but also depend on individ traits (poor living conditions, violence, and other factors contribute to evaluations)

Question 31

Display rules

• are
• every culture
• most cultures

Answer 31

are the rules of emotional expression acquired during socialization
− Every culture has particular sanctions that support display rules or patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate in that culture
− Most display rules concerned with restraining emotional expression

Question 32

Two criteria for assessment of emtional expressions

Answer 32

Freq and intenstity

Question 33

Gender diffs in display rules:

• women vs. men in expression
• shameful event reactions m/f diffs
• in children (age)

Answer 33

women express more intensly and openly than men except for anger. Also more comforable displaying emotions of love, happiness, shame, guilt, sympathy which foster affilaiation and caretaking. Men avoid these emotions that display male vulnerabilites
- men who try to restore their honor by showing off thru aggression or retiliation but women react with submissive behavior and avoidance
− During process of anticipatory socializtion boys and girl get diff sets of insturctions about the display rules of emotion; children as young as three recognize that femalse more likely to express fear, sadness, happiness, and males more anger