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SOCI 303 > Chapter 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Distinction

A

Efforts used to distinguish ones own group from others

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2
Q

Present day, what do heels achieve?

A

A marker of gender distinction

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3
Q

If distinction didn’t exist would the word gender exist?

A

No, the concept of gender would be unnecessary without distinction

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4
Q

Define sex

A

Physical differences in primary and secondary sexual characteristics

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5
Q

What does the word male-bodied or female-bodied mean?

A

That sex refers to the body and may not extend to the way a person feels or acts

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6
Q

Define gender

A

The symbolism of masculinity and femininity that we connect to being male or female bodied

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7
Q

Define culture

A

A groups shared beliefs and the practices and material things that reflect them

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8
Q

Is gender strictly biological?

A

No, it’s cultural and biological

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9
Q

What does difference maintain?

A

Difference maintains hierarchy

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10
Q

Why do many people in society try and maintain distinction?

A
  • distinction is maintained if certain groups are valued more then others
  • allowing them to demand more power, prestige and extreme wealth
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11
Q

Is it correct to say opposite sex?

A

No, biologically we are much more similar than different

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12
Q

Define binary

A

Binary refers to a system with two and only two separate and distinct parts

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13
Q

Define gender binary

A

The idea that there are only two types of people and they are fundamentally different and contrasting

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14
Q

Define intersex

A

Born with reproductive anatomy that doesn’t fit the typical definitions of male or female

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15
Q

Define gender identity

A

A sense of oneself as male or female

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16
Q

Define gender expression

A

How we communicate our gender identity

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17
Q

What does the idea of oppositeness cause people to do?

A
  • encourages cisgender women and men to maximize apparent differences in their gender expression
  • to make the gender binary appear more real than it is
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18
Q

Why is this idea of oppositeness needed?

A
  • because there is no biological binary

- to enforce this rigid gender binary we must act like there is a distinct oppositeness between the sexes

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19
Q

Define ideology

A
  • set of ideas widely shared by members of a society

- guide identities, behaviours and institutions

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20
Q

Define social construct

A

An arbitrary but influential shared interpretation of reality

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21
Q

Define gender binary glasses

A

A pair of lenses that separates everything we see into masculine and feminine categories

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22
Q

What does our gender binary give us?

A

Cultural competence

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23
Q

What’s useful and not useful about gender binary glasses?

A
  • they allow us to perceive the world the way the people around us do
  • however they distort our vision
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24
Q

How do gender stereotypes affect and influence memory?

A
  • people are better able to remember things if they fit with gender stereotypes
  • this is because gendered things are grouped together, even if they have no correlation
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25
Define sexual dimorphism
-typical differences in body type and behaviour between females and males of a species
26
What was the first definition of the word real?
- sex differences are real if we can measure them | - they’re observed differences
27
Define priming
-if you remind test subjects of a stereotype right before you test them their test score will reflect that stereotype
28
What is an example of priming?
- reminding a man or women that they are female or male before you test their empathy - women tend to be more empathetic and men tend to be less
29
Define learned differences
-differences that are a result of how we were raised or our sociocultural environment
30
What is the second definition of the word real?
Sex differences are real if they are observed in all or most contemporary and historical cultures
31
How is the first definition shown to not withstand?
- the idea of priming holds true | - the observable results are biased and subjective
32
How does the second definition not withstand?
The majority of research on sex differences only look at societies that are western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic (weird) and only 12% of the worlds population lives in these
33
What is an example that disproves definition 2?
Girls and boys math abilities vary wildly across countries and there is a correlation between sex differences in math ability and the level of gender inequality in that country
34
What is definition three of real?
Sex differences are real if they’re biological i.e. they are caused by our brains, genes or hormones
35
Is the absence or addition of a Y chromosome cause the sex differences?
No, the X chromosome if much larger than the Y chromosome and the Y chromosome only creates testicles and facilitates male fertility. It actually is the reverse, the second X chromosome causes more sex differences
36
What makes definition three not withstand?
-personality traits, emotional states etc don’t have sex specific genetic causes
37
What is definition four of what is real?
Sex differences are real if they’re biological and immutable
38
What are three ways we will look at why humans females and males are so alike?
- bio social interactions - intersectionality - evolution
39
What’s is the nature vs. Nurture debate?
- nature says men and women are born different - nurture says we become different through socialization alone - both are wrong
40
Define naturalism?
The idea that biology affects our behaviour independently of our environment
41
Define culturalism
The idea that we are blank slates that become who we are purely through learning and socialization
42
Is culturalism or naturalism right?
Neither, it’s a combination of the two
43
Define bio cultural interaction
How our bodies respond to our cultural environment and vice versa
44
Define deceptive differences
Differences that can make it seem as if men and women are more sexually dimorphic than they are across different times and cultures
45
How does intersectionality produce sameness among women and men?
- there are ways in which biology predisposed us to being different but the manifestion of such differences may be muted by the things we share - national, regional and local cultures, quality of education, diet and health etc
46
Define intersectionality
- gender is not an isolated social fact | - instead it intersects with our other identities
47
Define nuclear family
A family with a mom a dad and children who live together without extended kin
48
Define kin groups
Culturally variable collections of people considered family
49
Define doing gender
The ways in which we actively obey and break gender rules
50
Define gender rules
Instructions for how to appear and behave as a woman or man
51
Define cultural travelling
Moving from one cultural or subcultural context to another
52
What is the injection idea of socialization?
- when genderless children are taught a gender in their childhood that they then carry on for the rest of their lives - assumes children are victims of their environment
53
How does the injection idea fail in three ways?
It does not assume: - we are continuously socialized throughout our lives - we actively could consider and resist gender rules - cultural changes could occur
54
What is the learning model of socialization?
Socialization is a lifelong process of learning and re-learning gender expectations and how to negotiate them
55
What are the four reasons we follow gender rules?
They are habit, pleasure, encouragement and punishment
56
Why do we follow gender roles because of habit?
- Our culture has caused us to become habituated to gender rules - it’s easier to act in gender conforming ways then it is to not - once we have learned a rule we don’t experience it as oppressive but as natural
57
Why is acting in a gendered way pleasurable?
- it feels good to do gendered things they are fun and exciting - some of the pleasure of doing gender can even come from being defiant
58
Why does observation cause us to follow gender roles?
- gender is something we perform and others are watching | - Depending on who is watching we may perform it definitely
59
Why do we follow gender rules because of policing?
Breaking gender rules attracts: | -negative attention and policing
60
Define gender policing
- responses to the violation of gender rules | - aimed at promoting conformity
61
Define account
- an explanation for why the person broke the rule | - works to excuse their behaviour
62
Define accountability
-an obligation to explain why we don’t follow social rules
63
Define policing
yes
64
What is the number one gender rule?
To do gender
65
Define culturally unintelligible
-so outside the symbolic meaning system that people do not know how to interact with you

SOCI 303 (9 decks)

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