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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1-4 Test Review > Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathalogical anatomy?

A

Study of structure to to disease or disorder

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2
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of tissues

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

body’s ability to maintain a relatively constant physiological state in the face of constant change, both internal and external

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4
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues with a common function

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5
Q

What are the levels of organization in the body?

A

Organelle, chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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6
Q

What are the two systems involved in maintaining homeostasis?

A

Nervous system, Endocrine

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7
Q

Communication->________________–>homeostasis–>good health

A

receptor or control center

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8
Q

What is the correct path of information through a feedback mechanism?

A

Receptor, afferent path, control center, efferent path, effector

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9
Q

What are the two general classes of effectors in the body?

A

muscles or glands

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10
Q

What is CIM-H-CHEM?

A

Communication, Intergration, Movement, Compartmentalization, Energy flow, Mass Balance

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11
Q

What are the systems of the body?

hint-11

A

Cardiovascular, skeletal, endocrine, respiratory, reproductive, nervous, muscular, digestive, urinary, lymphatic, integumentary

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12
Q

All health related sciences are founded in some knowledge of ____________ and _________.

A

Anatomy and physiology

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13
Q

Anatomy is?

A

investigates structure of the body

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14
Q

Physiology is

A

deals with the processes or functions of the body

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15
Q

What are the levels of organization in the human body?

A

chemical, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system

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16
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

body’s ability to maintain a relatively constant physiological balance in the face of constant internal and external change

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17
Q

Maintaining body temperature near an ideal normal value is called a?

A

set point

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18
Q

A negative feedback mechanism is?

A

When the body attempts to negate or reverse the effects of stimulus

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19
Q

Can a positive feedback mechanism ever be beneficial to the human body?

A

yes in rare instances

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20
Q

Atoms, ions and molecules are related to anatomy how?

A

the physiological processes are based, in large part on the structures and chemical interactions of them

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21
Q

__________ are the building blocks of matter.

A

Elements

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22
Q

Atoms cannot

A

be broken down into smaller, simpler substances through ordinary chemical reactions and still show properties of that element

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23
Q

Define atom

A

the smallest particle of that element that can display the characteristics of that element and enter into an ordinary chemical reaction

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24
Q

An entire atom is?

A

electrically neutral

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25
Isotopes of elements are
atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
26
The chemical bonding properties of atoms are determined by the number of electrons in its ______________.
Valence shell
27
The maximum number in the valence shell is always
8
28
Which two elements have a maximum of 2 electrons in their valence shells?
hydrogen and helium
29
When bonds form, energy is _________.
Stored
30
When bonds break, energy is __________.
released
31
When molecules of two or more different elements form, they are called
molecular compounds
32
Molecules of elements are when
two atoms of the same element form together
33
What creates ions?
when atoms do not share valence electrons but instead give or accept valence electrons
34
Chemical reactions that build bonds _________ energy. | Chemical reactions that break bonds _________ energy.
Store | release
35
ADP + ____ & ____=ATP
Phosporylation and energy
36
Hydrolosis is how ATP releases
P & E
37
Decomposition reactions are when
reactants are broken down into smaller, less complex products IE. Catabolic and exergonic
38
Synthesis reactions are when
Reactants from larger products IE. Anabolic and endergonic
39
Synthesis reactions where water is a product are called
dehydration reactions
40
Why is water so important to life?
Due to its polarity and hydrogen bonding capacity it helps stabilize body temp, high boiling point, universal solvent
41
Hydrophilic substances are _______.
polar
42
hydrophobic substances are _______.
Non polar
43
Why are electrolytes important in the body?
They maintain the homeostasis of various organs like heart and skeletal muscle
44
How are the values of strong and weak acids measured?
the H+ in a solution in relation to the OH- is the value that tells us acidity or alkalinity
45
Many salts undergo complete _____________ in an aqueous solution
dissociation
46
Na+ are essential to what?
nerve impulses
47
Ca+++ are essential to what?
muscle contraction
48
What are isomers?
molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical structure
49
Building blocks of carbohydrates are?
Monosaccharides
50
building blocks of lipids are?
glycerol and fatty acids
51
building blocks of proteins are
amino acids
52
building blocks of nucleic acids are
neuclotides
53
What is the smallest part of an element that can enter into a ordinary chemical reaction?
atom
54
Molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical structures are
isomers
55
Is the appendix considered to be functionally in the digestive system?
no
56
When blood falls lower on the PH scale it is called?
acidosis
57
A sequence of related enzyme-regulated chemical reactions is called?
metabolic pathway
58
Actin and Myosin do what? | What are they?
provide structure and protection Protiens
59
What are markers?
how the body recognizes self vs non self
60
Without the ability to lower the energy of activation, what would happen?
chemical reactions would happen to slowly to support life
61
What are the mechanisms most often used by cells to lower the energy of activation?
enzymes
62
What is a metabolic pathway?
sequence of enzymatically regulated reactions
63
Do enzymes occur as individual reactions?
no, not typically
64
What are coenzymes?
an ORGANIC molecule that helps bring about a reaction
65
What are cofactors?
an INORGANIC molecule that helps bring about a reaction
66
What are the characteristics of passive transport?
Always moves down the concentration gradient, no ATP required remember: not no energy, but just no tap
67
What are the characteristics of active transport?
May move up concentration gradient | ATP required
68
A special type of diffusion that applies only to the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is?
osmosis
69
What is movement that occurs when there is a concentration gradient, or in other words movement down the gradient?
net diffusion
70
What factors affect the rate of simple diffusion?
Distance, Size of diffusing particles, temperature, size of concentration gradient, electrical gradient, pressure gradient
71
osmosis is?
the NET movement of water from an area of lower concentration of solutes to an area of higher concentration of solutes in essense --->from higher water to lower water
72
What kind of solute is said to be osmotically active?
a solute that cannot gross the membrane
73
For osmosis to occur, 3 things are required. What are they?
1. membrane must be freely permeable to water 2. there must be at least one solute that cannot cross the membrane 3. the membrane must be selectivley permeable
74
What is osmotic pressure?
amount of pressure necessary to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane into the cell
75
What is osmolarity?
the total solute concentration in a solution
76
What are the 3 characteristics of all mediated transport?
specificity, competetion and saturation
77
Do exocrine glands have ducts?
Yes
78
Do endocrine glands have ducts?
no
79
In medocrine secretions, is the secreting cell damaged?
no
80
In apocrine secretion, is the secreting cell damaged?
no
81
In holocrine secretion is the cell damaged?
yes, it causes the cell to lyse
82
What do tight junctions do?
keep cells tightly together, stops things from entering -involved in permeablity
83
What do gap junctions do?
Designed to pass things from one cell to another -cells held together by channel protiens
84
What are desmosomes?
Strongest junction, allow cells to bend and twist without separating
85
What are the two characteristics all connective tissues have?
1. Specialized cells 2. Extracellular matrix 1. Protien Fibers 2. ground substance
86
What does the matrix do?
determines the tissue's specialized function
87
Blasts do?
make the matrix
88
Cytes do?
Maintain the matrix
89
Clasts do?
break down the matrix
90
What are the two types of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
91
What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue proper?
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
92
What is the symbol for a high energy bond?
~
93
What are the two types of dense connective tissue?
regular and irregular
94
What are the two types of supporting connective tissue?
Cartilage and bone
95
What is fluid connective tissue?
Blood
96
What are the specialized cells in connective tissue proper? | hint-7
Fibroblast, Fibrocyte, Macrophages, Adipocytes, Mesenchymal cells, melanocytes, mast cells
97
What do fibroblasts do?
'working' cells that make the matrix
98
What do fibrocytes do?
maintain the tissue
99
What do macrophages do?
Eat pathogens and damaged cells
100
What do adipocytes do?
store triglcerides
101
Mesenchymal cells do?
Stem cells which respond to injury or infeection
102
Melanocytes do?
synthesize and store brown pigment called melanin
103
Mast cells do?
release histamine and heparin to stimulate inflammation
104
Blood consists of 3 formed elements, what are they and what do they do?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) and transport oxygen White blood cells (leukocytes) are immune cells Platelets aid in clotting
105
The fluid element in blood is called?
Plasma
106
How does plasma change?
Based on location
107
When is plasma intersitital fluid?
When it is in between cells
108
When is plasma called lymph?
When it drains into the lymphatic vessels
109
When is plasma still plasma?
When it is in the cardiovascular system
110
Lymphatic vessels are much more permeable than __________ _________, and have less pressure.
Blood capillaries
111
Is cartilage inneverated and vascular?
no, it is non innervated and avascular
112
Is bone innovated and vascular?
Bone is very vascular and innervated
113
Hematopoiesis occurs where
red bone marrow
114
What are the two types of neural cells?
neurons and neuroglia
115
What are the 3 parts that make up neurons?
1. cell body 2. dendrites 3. axon
116
Where are mucous membranes located?
in passageways the communicate with the outside enviroment
117
Where are serous membranes located?
Lining the walls of ventral body cavity and covering most of the organs in the ventral body cavity
118
Cutaneous membrane is located where?
is the skin
119
Synovial membranes are located?
In joint cavities

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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