Chapter 5 Lecture Flashcards by Jacki Leigh

What are the two parts that make up Integument (cutaneous membrane)?

Epidermis and the dermis

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is the integument an organ?

yes

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Hypodermis, Subcutaneous, Sub Q, Superficial Fascia

What do all these terms have in common?

They are all the same thing

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What makes up the integumentary system?

Integument, Hair, Nails, Exocrine glands of skin

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What is the largest system in the body?

Integumentary system

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What are the functions of skin and the subcutaneous layer?

Protection, Excretion, Maintenance of body temperature, Synthesis of vitamin D, Storage (for lipids in the sub Q, not actually part of the integument), Direction

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How does the epidermis get it’s nutrients?

through diffusion

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Is the epidermis innverated and avascular?

YES!

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What are Keratinocytes?

Most abundant cells in the epidermis, making about 90% of the epidermis

NOTE: Not all stratified squamous epithelial are keritanized

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What is the major difference between thick skin and thin skin?

Thin skin has 4 layers and has hair

Thick skin has 5 layers and no hair

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What are the layers of the epidermis of thick skin from deep to superficial?

Stratum Germinativum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

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The Germinativum (or basal) is how many layers thick?

one cell layer

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What kind of cells are in the germinativum?

1) Stem cells
2) Melanocyte
3) Merkel cell

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What is the function of a melaocyte?

Produce melanin

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What is the function of merkel cells?

respond to touch by releasing chemicals that trigger nervous system responce

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What type of cells are located in the spinosum?

1) Keratinocytes

2) Langerhan cells

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What do Langerhan cells do and where are they made

Made in the red bone marrow

Gobble up bacteria or harmful matter

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What is the process of keratinzation?

Process of making keratinocyctes

Stem cells differentiating to make the keratinocytes

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How long does it take from a stem cell to move into the corneum?

45 days

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Are there any cells that are alive in the spinosum?

Yes, but they are begining to die

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What are the two types of perspiration?

Insensible Persperation

Sensible persperation

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Insensible persperation does not involve?

Sweat glands

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When does insensible persperation occur?

Anytime, and you can’t detect it

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Sensible persperation involves?

Sweat glands (Sudiphorus glands)

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Skin color depends on?

Pigmentation, and blood circulation

What is a orange-yellow, lipid soluble pigment found in carrots and accumulates in epidermal cells of the corneum and in fatty tissues of the dermis and hypodermis?

Carotene

What two things is carotene does?

Skin pigmentation and can be converted to vitamin A

What is melanin?

A yellow-brown or black pigment that is produced by melanocytes in the stratum germinativum and stored in transport vesicles called melanosomes

Skin color depends on the ________ of melanin production, not by the number of melanocytes.

rate

As a species, we have the ____________ number of melanocytes.

same

How is melanin transported?

by melanosomes

Levels of _______________ in arterial vessels in the dermis also contributes to skin color

hemoglobin

When blood vessels dilate from heat, blushing, rash, some medications and their skin starts turning red it is called?

Erythema

When blood flow descreases, skin does what?

Skin pales

Severe and prolonged reduction in blood oxygen, giving skin a blueish tint it is called

Cyanosis

What are the 5 layers in the skin from the deepest to the most superficial

``` Stratum Germinativum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidem Stratum Corneum ```

What are the most abundant cells in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes

How many days does it take cells to travel from the Basal layer to sloughing off at the corneum layer?

about 45 days

What is insensible perspiration? | How much fluid is lost this way?

When interstitial fluid is lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum About a pint a day

What is sensible perspiration?

Water produced by sweat glands

Skin color depends on?

Skin pigmentation | Blood circulation

What are the pigments of the skin?

``` Carotene and melanin Also hemoglobin (a pigmented molecule in erythrocytes) ```

Carotene can be converted into?

Vitamin A

Skin color depends on the ________ of melanin production, not the number of ________________.

rate | Melanocytes

When skin turns red it is called?

Erythema

What gives skin a bluish tint?

cyanosis

Jaundice occurs when?

The liver malfunctions and bile cannot be excreted

What is happening when skin is darkening or 'bronzing'?

A pituitary malfunction

Calcitriol is responsible for the normal absorption of what from the small intestine into the blood stream?

Calcium and phosphorus

Describe the steps of how calcitriol is formed? | ****

S. Basal and Spinosium convert cholesterol related molecule into vitamin d3--->Diffuses into the blood stream and travels to the liver where it is converted into an intermediary product--->The intermediary product travels to the kidneys and is converted into calcitriol (Most active form of vitamin D)

What causes rickets or osteomalacia?

Vitamin D deficencies

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Papillary and reticular layer

What are the properties of the papillary layer?

superficial 20% of dermis | consists of smaller capillaries, lymphatic and sensory nerve structures

What are the properties of the reticular layer?

Deep 80% of dermis Consists of mostly dense irregular tissue Provides strength and yet flexibility to integument with collagen and elastic protien fibers

Collagen and elastic fibers are in the dermis are usually arranged how?

In parallel bundles that resist force in a specific direction - called Lines of cleavage

A cut _____________ to a line of cleavage tends to remain shut and heal well.

Parallel

A cut _____________ to a line of cleavage tends to pull open and scar.

Across

What are flexure lines?

Wrinkled areas at movable joints

Apocrine sweat glands are found where?

armpits, around nipples and groin and are associated with hair follicles

Merocrine sweat glands are found where?

Widely distributed all over the body surface | NOT associated with hair follicles

Ceruminous glands are what?

Modified eccrine glands in outer ear, which produce earwax

Thermoregulation is what?

The main function of sensible perspiration, and works with the cardiovascular system as a vital part of homeostatis

What are the four steps of repair to localized injuries of the integument?

1) Bleeding occurs and mast cells trigger and inflammatory response 2)Blood clots form a scab, and geminative cells migrate around the wound. Microphages clean the area and new tissue begins to form as fibroblasts become active 3) Over time fibroblasts replace the damage tissues as inflammation begins to decrease and clot begins to disintergrate 4)Fibroblasts continue to strengthen the area until a scar forms REMEMBER -> Scar formation is called fibrosis

What is a major burn?

A third degree burn over 10% of BSA A second degree burn over 25% of BSA Or a second or third degree burn of the hands, feet, face, genitals or anal region

What is a moderate burn?

A third degree burn of 2%-10% of the BSA or a second degree burn of 15%-25% of the BSA.

What is a minor burn?

A third degree burn of less than 2% or a second degree burn of less than 15% of the BSA

A first degree is considered a? | What is the depth of a first degree burn?

Partial thickness burn | Only burns through part of the epidermis

A second degree burn is considered a? | What is the depth?

Partial thickness burn | Through epidermis and halfway through dermis

A third degree burn is? | What is the depth?

A full thickness burn | All the way through the dermis

What are the steps for effective treatment of a third degree burn?

Burn must be cleaned first, then skin grafts are applied from either another part of the body, artificial skin, grafts from a cadaver, or pigs

Surface areas of a burn are classified two ways. what are the ways?

Rule of palms-1 palm=1% of body surface area | Rule of nines-Body is divided into percentages

What are the 3 major types of skin cancers and what are there severities?

Basal Cell carcinoma-Least malignate and least likely to metastasis Squamous cell Carcinoma-Cancerous cells in the spinosum, more likely to be more aggressive and metastisis Malignant Melanoma-Melanocytes w/basal layer start dividing, most agressive form of cancer Merkel Cell Carcinoma (don't have to know for exam) but makes malignant melanoma look like a walk in the park

What is the ABCDE Mnemonic for melanoma detection =?

``` A=Assymetry B=Border C=Color D=Depth and Diameter E=Evolving/elevation ```