Sociology 101 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Sociology

A

The systematic study of human society

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2
Q

Sociological perspective

A

A distinctive point of view of sociology

The general patterns in behavior of particular people

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3
Q

Social integration

A

Dynamic and principled process where all members participate to maintain peaceful social relations

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4
Q

Outsider

A

Not part of the dominant category

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5
Q

C. Wright Mills

A

Sociologist

“Sociological imagination” helps people understand their society & how it affects them

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6
Q

Global perspective

A

Study of the larger world & our society’s place in it

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7
Q

High-income countries

A

Nationals w/ highest overall standards of living

Western Europe, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Australia

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8
Q

Public policy

A

Laws and regulations that guide how people in communities live and work

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9
Q

Sociology advantage

A

Knowing sociology well gives you an advantage in your career

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10
Q

Major changes in development of sociology

A

Factory-based economy, explosive growth of cities, new democracy, and political rights

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11
Q

Enclosure movement

A

European landowners fenced off more farmland to create grazing areas for sheep

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12
Q

Auguste Comte

A

Coined term sociology (1838)

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13
Q

Comte’s 3 stages of historical development?

A

Theological, metaphysical, and scientific

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14
Q

Theological stage

A

Beginning of human history up to end of European Middle Ages

Society expressed God’s will

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15
Q

Metaphysical stage

A

Renaissance in 15th century

Society as natural rather than supernatural phenomenon

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16
Q

Scientific stage

A

Scientific approach used to study society rather than the physical world

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17
Q

Positivism

A

Scientific approach to knowledge based on “positive” facts as opposed to speculation
Science-based

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18
Q

Sociological theory

A

Explains social behavior in the real world

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19
Q

Theoretical approach

A

Basic image of society that guides thinking and research

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20
Q

Structural-functional approach

A

Framework for building theory that sees society as complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity & stability

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21
Q

Social structure

A

Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

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22
Q

Social functions

A

Consequences of a social pattern of operation of society as a whole

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23
Q

Social-conflict approach

A

Framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict & change
Focus on how social patterns benefits some 7 hurts others

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24
Q

Robert K. Merton

A

Expanded understanding of social function

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25
Manifest functions
(Merton) | Recognized & intended consequences of any social pattern
26
Latent functions
(Merton) | Unrecognized & unintended consequences of social pattern
27
Social dysfunction
(Merton) Any social pattern that may disrupt operation of society Ex. globalization of economy, rising flow of immigrants
28
Race-conflict theory
Study of society that focuses on inequality & conflict btwn people of different racial & ethnic categories
29
Gender-conflict theory
Study of society that focuses on inequality & conflict btwn women and men
30
Feminism
Support of social equality for women & men
31
Harriet Martineau
First woman sociologist
32
Positivist Sociology
Study of society based on scientific observation of social behavior
33
Empirical sociology
Refers to positivist sociology, based on empirical evidence | information we can verify through our senses
34
Concept
Mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form
35
Variable
Concept whose value changes from case to case
36
Measurement
Procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
37
Operationalizing a variable
Specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable
38
Descriptive statistics
Mean, median, and mode
39
Reliability
Consistency in measurement
40
Validity
Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
41
Correlation
Relationship in which two (or more) variables change together
42
Cause & effect
Relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another
43
Independent variable
Causes the change
44
Dependent variable
The changes (effect)
45
Spurious correlation
An apparent but false relationship between the two (or more) variables that is caused by some other variable
46
Objectivity
Personal neutrality in conducting research
47
Value-free
(Max Weber) we must be dedicated to finding the truth as it is rather than how it should be
48
Interpretive Sociology
Study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their social world
49
Critical Sociology
Study of society that focuses on need for social change | Sociologists should be social activists
50
Gender
The personal traits & social positions that members of society attach to being female/male
51
Androcentricity
Approaching an issue from male perspective
52
Gynocentricity
Approaching issue from female perspective
53
Overgeneralizing
Problem occurs when sociologists gather data only from men
54
Gender blindness
Failing to consider gender at all
55
Double standards
Careful not to judge men & women by different standards
56
Interference
Gender can distort study if subject reacts to sex of researcher
57
Experiment
Research method; investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
58
Hypothesis
Statement of a possible relationship between two (or more) variables
59
Snowball sampling
Number of individuals included grows rapidly over time
60
Participant observation
Research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities
61
Key informants
Key source of info & serve to introduce researcher to others in community
62
Existing Sources
For exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory research whenever stable data are available
63
Stereotype
Simplified description applied to every person in some category

Sociology 101 (2 decks)

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