Chapter 1

Question 1

Head

Answer 1

the upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.

Question 2

Meats

Answer 2

a passage or opening leading to the interior of the body.

Example: “the urethral meatus”

Question 3

Sinus

Answer 3

a cavity within a bone or other tissue, especially one in the bones of the face or skull connecting with the nasal cavities.

Question 4

Spine

Answer 4

a series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the small of the back, enclosing the spinal cord and providing support for the thorax and abdomen; the backbone.
synonyms:

Question 5

Trochanter

Answer 5

any of two bony protuberances by which muscles are attached to the upper part of the thigh bone.

Question 6

Tubercle

Answer 6

A nodule or small eminence, especially one on a bone, for attachment of a tendon

Question 7

Capitulum

Answer 7

a compact head of a structure, in particular a dense, flat cluster of small flowers or florets, as in plants of the daisy family.

Question 8

Diaphysis

Answer 8

the shaft or central part of a long bone.

Question 9

Epiphysis (distal and proximal)

Answer 9

.

Question 10

Medullary

Answer 10

pertaining to, consisting of, or resembling the medulla of an organ or the medulla oblongata.

Question 11

Osteon

Answer 11

A central canal and the concentric osseous lamellae encircling it, occurring in compact bone. Also called haversian system.

Question 12

Central canal

Answer 12

The central canal, also known as ependymal canal, is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord. The central canal is continuous with the ventricular system of the brain.

Question 13

Lacuna

Answer 13

a cavity or depression, especially in bone.

Question 14

Lamellar canaliculus

Answer 14

Can’t find

Question 15

Articular cartilage

Answer 15

The cartilage covering the articular surfaces of the bones forming a synovial joint. Also called arthrodial cartilage, diarthrodial cartilage, investing cartilage.

Question 16

Compact/cortical

Answer 16

Cortical bone is dense and compact. It forms the outer layer of the bone.

Question 17

Spongy bone

Answer 17

Spongy bone is a network of irregularly-shaped sheets and spikes of bone (trabeculae). The trabeculae are only a few cell layers thick. The spaces between the trabeculae contain red or yellow marrow, depending on a person’s age and on which bone it is. The marrow in these images is red marrow.

Question 18

Marrow

Answer 18

a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced (often taken as typifying strength and vitality).

Question 19

Periosteum

Answer 19

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

Question 20

(Epi) condyle

Answer 20

Anatomy. a rounded protuberance at the end of a bone, serving as a place of attachment for ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

Question 21

Cavity

Answer 21

a hollow space or a pit in a tooth, most commonly produced by caries. A cavity may be artificially made to support dental restorations.

Question 22

Crest

Answer 22

a comb or tuft of feathers, fur, or skin on the head of a bird or other animal.

Question 23

Facet

Answer 23

One of the small, polished plane surfaces of a cut gem

Question 24

Fontanel

Answer 24

One of these spaces, covered by membrane, between the bones of the fetal or young skull

Question 25

Foramen

Answer 25

An opening, orifice, or short passage, as in a bone or in the integument of the ovule of the plant

Question 26

Fovea

Answer 26

Fovea: In the eye, a tiny pit located in the macula of the retina that provides the clearest vision of all. Only in the fovea are the layers of the retina spread aside to let light fall directly on the cones, the cells that give the sharpest image. Also called the central fovea or fovea centralis.

Question 27

Where is new bone formed in a long bone?

Answer 27

Under the growth plate cartilage near the end of the bone

Question 28

What type of cells are responsible for dissolving excess bone?

Answer 28

Osteoclasts

Question 29

Describe bone modeling

Answer 29

New bone grows under the growth plate (and on sides of diaphysis. Bone is resolved to to remain shape. The process is continued.

Question 30

What would happen if bone was not resorted during the process?

Answer 30

It would be too thick and too dense and lose its shape. It would be mineralized cartilage instead of normal bone.

Question 31

What specifically occurs within the growth plate to create bone growth?

Answer 31

The cartilage cells, chondrocytes, divide in a layer and secrete chronocyte collagen. They get further embedded into the growth plate. Cells live in columns. Then they stop moving, proliferating, and they get bigger hypertrophy.

Question 32

Explain the effects of estrogen on bone growth

Answer 32

Necessary for fusion of growth plates

Question 33

Explain the regulatory role of parathyroid hormone

Answer 33

Keeps the fiat chronocytes in the proliferating phase and delays the hypertrophied phase.

Question 34

Hey the process called endochrondial ossification?

Answer 34

The growth of plates near the chrono plate or vertebrae?

Question 35

Sketch a closer look at growth plate and label cells

Answer 35

Okay look at notes

Question 36

What cell forms flat bones?

Answer 36

Osteoblasts

Question 37

How does thing compare to growth in long bones?

Answer 37

One grows up and the other grows sideways and inward.

Question 38

Compare woven bone and lamellar bone

Answer 38

Woven bone is the early years bone, and as you grow older it is dissolved and new osteoblasts form a more mature lamellar bone

Question 39

Why is this process called intramembraneous ossification?

Answer 39

Inside the membrane renewal and creation

Question 40

What is the role of osteoclasts? Why are they so large?

Answer 40

The circulate blood in the vessels. Pre-osteoclasts enlarge to infuse into mature osteoclasts. Bind into bone matrix to resort bone

Question 41

What is the fate of osteoclasts after about two weeks?

Answer 41

Apoptosis

Question 42

What is osteoid secreted by osteoblasts?

Answer 42

Osteoid- used to mineralized and fill the cavity

Question 43

What are two possible fates of osteoblasts after about 3-4 months?

Answer 43

Turn into osteocytes, lining cells.mthe rest undergo apoptosis.