Chapter 1

Question 1

Cannot read

Answer 1

Right hemisphere

Left hand will put book down

Question 2

Contralateral except

Answer 2

Olfactory system

Question 3

Neuroscientists take

Answer 3

An empirical and practical approach

Question 4

Consciousness

Answer 4

Awareness

Can be altered by changes in the structure or chemistry of the brain

Question 5

Ancient cultures considered the ____ to be the seat of thought and emotions

Answer 5

Heart

Question 6

Hippocrates concluded that

Answer 6

The brain controls emotions

Question 7

“Father of modern philosophy”

Answer 7

Rene Descartes

Question 8

Invented reflexes

Answer 8

Rene Descartes
Viewed human body as a machine
First to suggest link exists between brain and mind
Based first model on the statues in the Royal gardens
Hypothesized the interaction between mind and body took place in the pineal body (like a joystick)

Question 9

Proved Descartes wrong

Answer 9

Luigi Galvani

Electrical stimulation of a frogs nerve caused contraction of a muscle

Question 10

Used the experimental ablation method on ANIMALS

Answer 10

Pierre flourens

Claimed to have discovered the regions of the brain that control heart rate and breathing and visual and auditory reflexes

Question 11

Concluded that the left front of the cerebral cortex controls speech

Answer 11

Paul Broca, surgeon

*** first to apply principal of experimental ablation to human brain

Question 12

Most important contribution of Müller

Answer 12

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

Question 13

Fritsch and hitzig

Answer 13

Found that stimulation of different portions of the brain caused contraction of muscles in the opposite side of the body

Question 14

Helmholtz

Answer 14

Devised a mathematical formulation of the law of conservation of energy

Invented the ophthalmoscope

Question 15

Ophthalmoscope function

Answer 15

Examines retina

Question 16

First scientist to measure the speed of conduction through nerves

Answer 16

Helmholtz

Found that neural conduction was slower than the speed of light

Question 17

Darwin’s theory

Answer 17

Evolution

Principal of natural selection

Question 18

Mutations

Answer 18

Accidental changes in chromosomes

Effects can be seen in an animal’s behavior

Most are deleterious, some confer a selective advantage

Question 19

Neotony

Answer 19

Prolongation of maturation

Question 20

Genetically, there is very little difference between humans, _____

Answer 20

Chimpanzees, orangutanS, and gorillas

Question 21

98.8% of our dna is shared with

Answer 21

Chimpanzees

Question 22

Prenatal period of cell division is

Answer 22

Prolonged in humans

Question 23

Baby is born with _ neurons

Answer 23

100 billion

Question 24

Baby brain weighs —, adult brain weighs ____

Answer 24

350g, 1400g

Question 25

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

Answer 25

All nerve fibers carry the same type of messages Sensory information must be specified by the particular nerve fibers that are active

Question 26

Experimental ablation

Answer 26

Function of a part of the brain is observed by absorbing the behaviors an animal can no longer perform after that part is damaged

Question 27

Model

Answer 27

Mathematical of physical analogy for a physiological process

Question 28

Natural selection

Answer 28

The process by which inherited traits confer a selective advantage (increase the animals likelihood to live and reproduce) become more prevalent in the population

Question 29

Selective advantage

Answer 29

A characteristic of an organism that permits it to produce more than the average number of offspring of its species

Question 30

Primary purpose of the brain

Answer 30

Move the muscles

Question 31

Split brain surgery is called

Answer 31

Corpus callosotomy

Question 32

Left brain functions

Answer 32

Analytical, logical, repetitive, organized, detached, literally, precise, scientific

Question 33

Right brain functions

Answer 33

Creative, general, intuitive, figurative, empathetic

Question 34

Once the eukaryotic Cell developed (only happened once), what was created?

Answer 34

Multicellular organisms

Question 35

Animal used for electrical signals

Answer 35

Squid

Question 36

Animal used for neuronal basis of learning and memory

Answer 36

Sea slug

Question 37

Production of neurons almost ceases at birth

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Primary motor cortex

Answer 38

Where nerve cells communicate directly with those that cause muscular contractions

Question 39

Controls speech

Answer 39

Left cerebral hemisphere

Question 40

Aristotle thought the brain served to...

Answer 40

Cool the passions of the heart