Chapter 1

Question 1

Define psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of the behaviour of individuals and their mental processes

Question 2

Define scientific method

Answer 2

the set of steps used to analyze and solve problems.

Question 3

Define behaviour

Answer 3

the observable actions by which an organism adjusts to its environment

Question 4

What are the 4 goals of psychology?

Answer 4

1. Describe what happens
2. Explain/understand what happens
3. Predict what will happen
4. Control what will happen

Question 5

Define behavioural data?

Answer 5

objective observations about behaviours and the conditions under which they occur

Question 6

Give an example of an internal factor

Answer 6

genetic makeup, motivation and intelligence

Question 7

Give an example of an external factors

Answer 7

situation, outside factors

Question 8

How to predict behaviour

Answer 8

evaluate how well explanations can make predictions about future behaviour. Be objective. Make predictions specific and testable.

Question 9

How to control and influence behaviour

Answer 9

Make behaviour happen or not happen. Helps people deal with problems.

Question 10

Explain mind-body dualism

Answer 10

Mind and body are separate. Mind is a spiritual entity and not subjected to physical laws. Cant be studied.

Question 11

Explain monism

Answer 11

mental events are a product of physical events. Ex. Chemical reactions produce emotions. can be studied.

Question 12

Explain structuralism

Answer 12

Emphasizes the what of mental behaviour. Studied through introspection. People talking about their own thoughts and feelings in a sensory way.

Question 13

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

Answer 13

father of psychology. Structuralist. Described sensations and used introspection.

Question 14

Who was Edward Tichener

Answer 14

Brought structuralism to north america. structures the mind through controlled introspection.

Question 15

Who was James Mark Baldwin?

Answer 15

Started the first canadian psychology lab at the university of toronto.

Question 16

Explain Gestalt Psychology

Answer 16

The study of how elements of experience are organized into wholes. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Question 17

Who was Max Wertheimer?

Answer 17

Created gestalt psychology as an alternative to structuralism.

Question 18

what is the phi phenomenon?

Answer 18

apparent movement of stationary objects.

Question 19

Explain functionalism

Answer 19

the functions (why) of the consciousness rather than the structure. Studies the function of a behaviour.

Question 20

Define consciousness

Answer 20

ongoing stream of mind in constant interaction with the environment.

Question 21

Who was William James?

Answer 21

Believed that mental experiences played a role in behaviour. Believed that things are constantly changing (self, emotions, will)

Question 22

Who was John Dewey?

Answer 22

Brought functionalism to North America. Wanted children to learn actively instead of passively.

Question 23

Explain Lewin’s field theory.

Answer 23

Behaviour is a function of the person and the environment.

Question 24

What two things to modern psychologists examine?

Answer 24

Structure and Function

Question 25

Who was Sigmund Freud?

Answer 25

All about the unconscious. Had the psychodynamic perspective.

Question 26

Who are associated with he behaviourist perspective?

Answer 26

John Watson and BF Skinner

Question 27

Explain the behaviourist perspective

Answer 27

ABC model. | Anecedent conditions cause behavioural responses and consequences. Only for observable behaviour and the outside world.

Question 28

Who is associated with the humanistic perspective?

Answer 28

Carl Rogers, and Abraham Maslow

Question 29

Explain the humanistic perspective

Answer 29

People are rational and want to make rational choices and develop their full potential. Holistic and self-actualizing.

Question 30

Who is associated with positive psychology?

Answer 30

Martin Seligman

Question 31

Explain the cognitive perspective

Answer 31

Human thought and knowledge is important. Modern version of functionalism influenced by Gestalt and structuralism. Focus on subjective reality and higher mental processes.

Question 32

Explain the biological perspective

Answer 32

Behaviour is just from biochemical processes. Focuses on the functioning of genes and the nervous and endocrine systems.

Question 33

Explain the evolutionary perspective

Answer 33

Charles Darwin. Both behavioural and mental adaptiveness are important. Studies both humans and animals.

Question 34

Explain sociocultural perspective

Answer 34

Shaped by social learning theory. Everything is learned from others. Environment and people influence attitudes and beliefs. You need sociocultural context.