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Bio Chem > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organism

A

All living things, living thingsIn biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis.

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2
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of life which encompasses all living things/organisms

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3
Q

Nucleic acid’s

A

Critical step for evolution of life, Molecules that could reproduce themselves and also contain the info for the synthesis of large molecules with complex but Steve will shapes

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4
Q

Cell

A

Membrane surrounded and enclose complex proteins and other biological market was kept the enclosed components separate from the surrounding external environment, big step and origin of life

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5
Q

Prokaryotes

A

First organisms made up of single cells containing genetic material and other bio chemical structures and closed in a membrane

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6
Q

Photosynthesis

A

A set of chemical reactions that transform the energy of sunlight into chemical bond energy of that sugar glucose and other small biological molecules, and turn the chemical bond release of energy of the small milk used to use for other chemical reactions inside cells including synthesis of large market was like protein

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7
Q

Proteins

A

Building block of cells made up of amino acids

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8
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

Set of reactions that extract energy without oxygen

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9
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

Set of chemical reactions that release energy from life’s molecules by using O2 oxygen

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10
Q

Organelles

A

Cells with enclosed compartments, important because specialize cellular function could be performed inside them, separated from the rest of the cell

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains cells genetic information

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12
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Have nuclei and other internal compartments that prokaryotes lack

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13
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Living inside another, how organelles originated when larger cells and Ingested smaller ones

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

Releases energy for use by eukaryotic cells, evolved from engulfed prokaryotic organisms

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15
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelles specialized to conduct photosynthesis in eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms

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16
Q

Cellular specialization

A

Enabled multicellular eukaryotic to increase in size and become more efficient at gathering resources and living in specific environments

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17
Q

Genome

A

How an organism reproduces by replicating , which is the sum total of its genetic material

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18
Q

mutations

A

Introduced every time a genome is replicated, gives rise to structural and functional change in organisms

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19
Q

Binomial

A

Scientific name represents the species genus and the species name

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20
Q

Phylogenic trees

A

Documents and diagrams of evolutionary relationships in the tree of life

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21
Q

Tree of life

A

Based on a rich array of evidence from fossils, structures, chemical processes, behavior, and molecular analysis of genomes

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22
Q

Three main domain branches

A

Archaea, bacteria, Eukarya

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23
Q

Archae

A

Single celled prokaryotes

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24
Q

Bacteria

A

Single celled prokaryotes

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25
Eukarya
Have eukaryotic cells who's mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from Endo symbiosis with bacteria
26
Model organism
Used for research by a biologist
27
tissues
Large molecules are organized into cells and assembling of differentiated cells
28
Organs
Different tissue types organized to form one to accomplish specific functions
29
Organ system
Organs who's functions are interrelated like esophagus stomach intestines are all part of the digestive system
30
Ecological system
Where organisms interact with their physical environment
31
Ecosystem
Individual organisms interacting with their immediate environment
32
Populations
Groups of individuals of anyone's species living together
33
Communities
Populations of different species that live together in a single area form ecological community's
34
Landscapes
Multiple communities interacting
35
Biosphere
Landscapes of the entire earth
36
System
He said I'm interrupting fours in which neither the parts nor the whole can be understood without taking into account the interactions
37
Components
What a biological system might consist of, like proteins and nutrients, organisms
38
Processes
How components interact
39
What are the 12 levels of organization
Adams, small molecules, large molecules, Uni cellular organisms, colonial organisms, cell, cell a specialization, tissues, organs, organ system, multicellular organism, organism
40
Population community landscape biosphere
System
41
Positive feedback
Occurs in a system when a product of the system speeds up an earlier process. Causes the product to be produced faster. positive feedback tends to destabilize a system
42
Feedback
The amount of one component of a system, such as component C affects the rate of one of the earlier processes in a system
43
Negative feedback
Occurs when a product of a system slows down an earlier process in a system. Negative feedback is more common in regulatory system in your body, it stabilizes the amount of the product accumulates that the accumulation tends to reduce further in production creating homeostasis
44
Regulatory system
System that ends to stabilize amounts of concentrations
45
Computational model
a mathematical model in computational science that requires extensive computational resources to study the behavior of a complex system by computer simula
46
Nucleotides
The long sequences of four subunits its a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
47
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid allows organisms to assemble proteins molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
48
Gene
Is a pacific segment of DNA who's sequences carry the information for building or controlling the building of one or more proteins genes encode proteins
49
Evolution
Change in genetic makeup of biological populations through time major unifying principle of biology it's any process that can lead to changes in the frequencies of genes in a population from generation to generation is an evolutionary process unity and diversity
50
Natural selection
Differing survival every production among individuals in a population, accounts for much of the evolution of life natural selection occurs not for human choice but by the fact that some individuals contribute more offspring to future generations than others only a small percentage of offspring survive to reproduce for this reason any treat will spread in the population if that forgives and if it individual organisms even a small increase in the probability that the individual survive and reproduce
51
Adaptations
Organisms with certain traits survive and reproduce best on your Pacific sets of conditions natural selection leads to adaptations, structural, psychological, or behavioral traits that increases and organisms chance of surviving and reproduction in it's environment
52
Chronic wasting disease
A disease that can kill deer
53
Proximate explanations
The immediate genetic psychological neurological and developmental process that explain how adaptation work
54
Ultimate explanation
Concerns the processes that Led to the evolution it involves comparison of variation within and among species and describes how a given trait effects and organisms chance for survival and reproduction
55
Theory
Is a body of scientific work in which rigorously tested and well established facts and principles are used to make predictions about the natural world
56
Evolutionary theory
A body of knowledge supported by facts and the resulting understanding of various processes of new populations diverse overtime evolve
57
Natural history
How that organisms get their food reproduce behave regulate their functions and interact with other organisms
58
Quantify
Turn observations into explicit counts of measures
59
The scientific method
Make observation, speculate asked questions, form hypotheses to answer the question, design and conduct an experiment that uses quantifiable data to test your prediction, used to statistical tests to evaluate the significance of your results, significant results support hypothesis, experiment repeated and results verify call my results do not support hypothesis re-examine your experiment are revise your hypothesis
60
Hypotheses
Possible answers
61
Controlled experiment
Changes or manipulations one or more of the factors being tested
62
A comparative experiment
Compares on manipulate the data gathered from different sources
63
Variable
Critical factor that has an effect on the phenomenon being investigated
64
Null hypotheses
Many statistical test start with a null hypotheses the premise that any observed differences or simply the result of random differences that arise from drawing two samples from the same population
65
Data
quantified observations applies to statistical methods those data

Bio Chem (3 decks)

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