Chapter 2 Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Atoms
A
What all living and non living organisms are composed of
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Q
Nucleus
A
Positively Charged
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Q
Electrons
A
Negatively charged
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Q
Protons
A
Positively charged
5
Q
Neutrons
A
No electrical charge
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Q
Element
A
A pure substance that contains only one kind of atom
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Q
The six elements that compose all of life
A
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur
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Q
Atomic number
A
Number of protons
9
Q
Mass number
A
The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
10
Q
Isotopes
A
element which differ in neutron number, although all isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons in each atom.
11
Q
Bohr model
A
Provides a concept of an atom that is largely empty spacedepicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar in structure to the solar system, but with attraction provided by …
12
Q
Electron shells
A
is the outside part of an atom around the atomic nucleus. It is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum
13
Q
First shell
A
Up to 2
14
Q
Second shell
A
Up to 8
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Q
Third shell
A
Up to 18
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Q
Fourth shell
A
Up to 32
17
Q
Octet rule
A
States that an atom will lose, gain or share an electron in order to achieve a stable configuration of 8 in the outermost shell
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Q
Molecules
A
When atoms share electrons
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Q
Hydrogen
A
Only one proton and electron no neutron
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Q
Chemical bond
A
An attractive force that links two atoms together in a molecule, a strong bond
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Q
Covalent bond
A
When two atoms attain stable electron numbers in their outermost shells by sharing one or more pairs of electrons
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Q
Ionic attraction
A
Attraction of opposite charges
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Q
Covalent bond
A
Sharing of electron pairs
24
Q
Hydrogen bonds
A
Attraction between hydrogen and a strongly electronegative atom
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Hydrophobic interaction
Interactions for nonpolar substances in the presence of polar substances
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Van Der waals interaction
Interaction of electrons of nonpolar substances
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Electronegativity
The attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons in a covalent bond
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Polar covalent bond
When electrons are drawn to one nucleus more then the other, cause electronatives.
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Solvent
A liquid in which other molecules dissolve
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Hydrogen bond
a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
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High heat capacity
Water has the highest specific heat capacity of any liquid. Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius. For water, this amount is one calorie, or 4.184 Joules.
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High heat vaporization
Alot of heat is required to change water from liquid to gas state
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Cohesion
The capacity of water molecules to resist coming apart from one another when placed under tension In chemistry and physics, cohesion refers to the sticking together of alike molecules, such as water molecule being attracted to another water molecule. Cohesion also causes water molecules to form drops. Together with adhesion, It helps to explain the occurrence of surface tension and capillary action.
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Adhesion
Water is attracted to other substances
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Surface tension
the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of the water molecules.permits water to be filled over the rim of a cup without overflowing
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Hydrophilic
having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.
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Hydrophobic
nonpolar substances to aggregate in aqueous solution and exclude water molecules.
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Ion
Electrically charged particle that forms when an atom gains or loses an electron
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Cations
Positively charged ions
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Anions
Negatively charged ions
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Ionic attractions
Form as a result of the electrical attraction between ions bearing opposite charges, Ionic attraction result in stable crystalline structures that are often referred to as ionic compounds are salts
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Functional groups
a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound.
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Macromolecules
Formed by covalent linkages between smaller molecules.the large molecules necessary for life, include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Dehydration Synthesis. In dehydration synthesis, monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form polymers. Hydrolysis.
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Four kinds of macromolecules that characterize all living things
Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid's, and lipids
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Polymer
constructed by the covalent bonding of smaller molecules called monomers. Polymers are substances whose molecules have high molar masses and are composed of a large number of repeating units. There are both naturally occurring and synthetic polymers. Among naturally occurring polymers are proteins, starches, cellulose, and latex.
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Monomers
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
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Proteins
Form from different combinations of 20 amino acids, all of which share chemical similarities
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Carbohydrates
Can be giant molecules, and are formed by linking together chemically similar sugar monomers/monosaccharides/to form polysaccharides
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Nucleic acid's
Formed from four kinds of nucleotide monomers linked together in long chains
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Lipids
Form large structures from a limited set of smaller molecules, but in this case noncovalent forces maintain the interactions between the lipid monomers
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How are polymers formed and broken down with water
Condensation and hydrolysis
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Condensation
The removal of water links monomers together
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Hydrolysis
The addition of water breaks a polymer into monomers
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Carbohydrates
Large groups of molecules that all have similar atomic compositions but differ greatly in size, chemical properties, and biological functions. Generally have the formula CHO
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What are the four major biochemical roles of carbohydrates
They are a source of stored energy that can be released in a form that organisms can use,
they function as structural molecules that give many organisms and their shapes,
they serve as recognition or signaling molecules that can trigger specific biological responses
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Monosaccharides
are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose, and ribose. Are relatively simple molecules with up to seven carbon Atoms
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Pentoses
Five carbon sugar's
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Two pentoses
The backbones of the nucleic acid's are in a nDNA contain ribosomes and deoxyribose
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Glycosidic linkage
a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate. Formation of ethyl gluoside : Glucose and ethanol combine to form ethyl glucoside and water.
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Disaccharide
A single glycosidic linkage between two monosaccharides. is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides. It is formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule of water is removed. For example, milk sugar (lactose) is made from glucose and galactose whereas cane sugar (sucrose) is made from glucose and fructose.
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Oligosaccharides
Contain several monosaccharides found together by glycosidic linkages. a carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units.
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polysaccharides
Large polymers of monosaccharides connected by glycosidic linkages. Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides. They range in structure from linear to highly branched.
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Lipids
Fats, oils. Hydrocarbons that are insoluble in water because of their many nonpolar covalent bonds
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Rules lipids play in living organisms
They store energy in the c-c and C-H bonds
Play an important structural roles in cell membranes and on body surfaces, largely because their nonpolar nature makes them essentially insolvable in water
Fat in animal bodies serves as thermal insulation
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Triglycerides
Most common units of lipids, also known as simple lipids
A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and animals, as well as vegetable fat.
Formula: C55H98O6
This synthesis involves three condensation reactions
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Glycerol
A small molecule with three hydroxyl (-OH) groups; thus it is an alcohol.
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Fatty acid
Consists of a long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain attached to the polar carboxyl (-COOH) group and it is therefore a carboxylic acid
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saturated fatty acid
All the bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are single, all the available bonds are saturated with hydrogen Atoms, relatively rigid and straight and tightly packed together
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Unsaturated fatty acid
Hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds kinks prevent the unsaturated molecules from packing together tightly
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Amphipathic
A molecule that is partly hydrophilic and partly hydrophobic
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Phospholipids
consist of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group that is modified by an alcohol. The phosphate group is the negatively-charged polar head, which is hydrophilic. The fatty acid chains are the uncharged, nonpolar tails, which are hydrophobic.
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Bilayer
A sheet two molecules thick, with water excluded from the core. Phospholipids form bilayers
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A hallmark of life is its ability to
Ability to transform molecules, involves making and breaking covalent bonds
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Chemical reaction
Occurs when atoms have sufficient energy to combine, or to change their bonding partners
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Reactants
a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction. reactants are transformed into products
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Products
Products are the species formed from chemical reactions. During a chemical reaction reactants are transformed into products after passing through a high energy transition state.
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What is energy
Angie is the capacity for change, or do work in physics
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Potential energy
The energy of state or position, stored energy, can be stored in chemical bonds, concentration gradient , or even electrical charge imbalance
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Kinetic energy
The energy of movement, the type of energy that does work, that makes things change
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Metabolism
The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time. The term metabolism comprises the entire physical and chemical processes involved in the maintenance and reproduction of life in which nutrients are broken down to generate energy and to give simpler molecules (catabolism) which by themselves may be used to form more complex molecules (anabolism).describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. Metabolism can be conveniently divided into two categories: Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy.
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Anabolic reactions
Link simple molecules to form more complex molecules and anabolic reaction require an input of energy because strong bonds within the smaller molecules must be broken to form the more complex molecules, reactions that re guide an input of energy or called endergonic or endothermic. Energy used in anabolic reactions is stored in a newly formed high energy chemical bonds
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Endergonic/ endothermic
Reactions that require an input of energy
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Catabolic reactions
Break down complex molecules into simpler ones and release the energy that was used to make the complex molecules. Chemist call these reactions exergonic and exothermic
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Exergonic/exothermic
Reactions that release energy as the reactants form lower energy products
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The first law of thermodynamics
Energy is neither created nor destroyed. The first law of thermodynamics states that any conversion energy is neither created nor destroyed, the total energy before and after energy conversion is the same
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The second law of thermodynamics
Useful energy tends to decrease, the second law thermodynamics implies that when energy is converted from one form to another some of that energy becomes unavailable for doing work, no physical process or chemical reaction is 100% effective some of the release energy is lost in the form associated with disorder. Predicts that as a result of energy transformation disorder tends to increase some energy is always lost a random Thermo motion and therapy, chemical changes physical change and biological changes, changes in an therapy or mathematically related to change in free energy casa second law helps explain why some reactions proceed in One Direction rather than another
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Entropy
The measure of the disorder in a system,Disorder is a kind of randomness caused by the Thermal motion of particles this energy is so disbursed that it is unusable. Chemical reactions increase Enropy, it's products are more disordered or random then it's reactants
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Catabolic and anabolic reactions are often linked why?
The energy released in catabolic reaction is often used to drive anabolic reactions
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Laws of thermodynamics
Laws that all living systems obey the same rules that govern the nonliving World, derived from studies of fundamental properties of energy and the ways energy interacts with matter. the laws apply to all matter and all energy transformations in the universe, helps us understand how organisms and cells harvest and transform energy to sustain life
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How does the second law thermodynamics apply to organisms
1. First the construction of complex molecules also generate disorder. The anabolic reactions needed to construct 1 kg of animal body require the catabolism how about 10 kg of food. So metabolism creeps for more disorder then the amount of order stored in flesh
2. Second life requires a constant input of energy to maintain order. Without this energy, the complex structures a living systems with breakdown. Because energy is used to generate a maintain order, biological process causes an overall increase in entropy there is no conflict with the second law of thermodynamics
