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Psychology 111 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

The scientific study of mind and behavior

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2
Q

What is the difference between mind and behavior?

A

The mind is your private inner experience; the behavior is observable actions of humans and animals

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3
Q

What does a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) do?

A

It is a neuro imaging technique that allows one to see which parts of the brain are active during certain tasks

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4
Q

What did William James do?

A

He was the first to take scientific approach to psychology; functionalism

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5
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Analyzing the mind and breaking it down into basic components

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6
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Studying how mental abilities allow people to adapt to the environment

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7
Q

What is nativism?

A

The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn; Plato

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8
Q

What is philosophical empiricism?

A

The philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience; Aristotle; tabula rosa

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9
Q

What did Rene Descartes argue?

A

He advocated for dualism, that the mind and body are separate

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10
Q

What did Thomas Hobbes argue?

A

Argued against Descartes; said that the mind is what the body does

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11
Q

What did Franz Joseph Gall do?

A

Phrenology: different regions of the brain do different things; however, his idea that you could identify what these different regions do by feeling ones scalp is completely wrong

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12
Q

What did Pierre Flourens do?

A

He surgically removed brain pieces from rats; argued against Gall’s methods

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13
Q

What did Paul Broca do?

A

He studied brain damaged patients to link localization to ability; discovered that the left frontal lobe is linked to speech

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14
Q

What is physiology?

A

The biological processes of the human body

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15
Q

What did Hermann Von Helmholtz do?

A

He studied human reaction time and the length of nerve impulse

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16
Q

What is a stimulus and reaction time?

A

A stimulus is sensory input from the environment, and reaction time is time taken to respond to a certain stimulus

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17
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt do?

A

He had the first psychological laboratory; studied consciousness, structuralism, and introspection

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18
Q

What is consciousness?

A

A person’s subjective experience of the world and mind

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19
Q

What is introspection?

A

Subjective observation of one’s own experience

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20
Q

What did Edward Titchener do in regards to chemistry in psychology?

A

He identified basic elements of the mind

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21
Q

Who influenced William James in functionalism?

A

Charles Darwin did with writing The Origin of Species and talking about natural selection

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22
Q

What did G. Stanley Hall do?

A

He established the first psychological lab in North America; focused on development and education

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23
Q

Why did Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet do?

A

They studied hysteric patients through hypnosis

24
Q

What is hysteria?

A

A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually due to emotionally upsetting experiences

25
What does Sigmund Freud say about hysteria?
He says that hysteria is caused by painful unconscious experiences
26
What is psychoanalytic theory?
Unconscious thoughts are important because they influence feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
27
What is psychoanalysis?
Therapeutic, unconscious to conscious awareness to understand psychological disorders
28
Why did Carl Jung and Alfred Adler break away from Freud?
Psychoanalytic theory became controversial
29
What new movement in Humanistic Psychology did Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers pioneer?
The approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings
30
What is Behaviorism?
the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings
31
What did Watson do?
Studied observable behavior (behaviorism); little Albert
32
What did Washburn do?
Studied behavior in animals (behaviorism)
33
What did Pavlov do?
found that a stimulus elicits a response
34
What did Skinner do?
He came up with the idea of reinforcement; said that behavior is determined by rewards and punishments; free will is an illusion; Beyond Freedom and Dignity
35
What is reinforcement?
The consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again (Skinner box and teaching machines)
36
What is Cognitive Psychology?
scientific study of mind and mental function, including learning, memory, attention, perception, reasoning, language, conceptual development, and decision making
37
What are illusions?
Error in perception that differs from reality
38
What did Wertheimer do?
Induced motion phenomena; Gestalt psychology (perceive whole rather than the sum; simplicity)
39
What did Bartlett do?
memory recall is flawed; contrast with Ebbinghaus
40
What did Piaget do?
cognitive development in children; spacial vs quantitative
41
What did Lewin do?
Construal of stimuli to model subjective experience
42
What did Broadbent do?
attention has a limited capacity; influence of Miller (capacity limits in memory) and Chomsky (language)
43
What is cognitive neuroscience?
Links between cognitive processes and brain activity
44
What is behavioral neuroscience?
links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily functions
45
What did Lashley do?
Lesioned rats brains to unsuccessfully localize learning
46
What is evolutionary psychology?
explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection (Darwin, James, E.O. Wilson)
47
What is cultural psychology?
Psychology is influenced by the presence and absence of other people bc humans are social animals
48
What is social psychology?
Has to do with causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior
49
What did Solomon Asch do?
"Mental chemistry" and obedience
50
What did Gordon Allport do?
Said that stereotyping, prejudice, and racism were perceptual errors
51
What is Clinical Psychology?
concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness and disability
52
The early roots of psychology are planted in...
Physiology and philosophy
53
Where and when was the first psychological laboratory opened?
Leipzig in 1879
54
Freud's view of human nature was...
Negative
55
Humanistic psychologists view of human nature was..
Positive
56
How many members are there in the APS?
150,000

Psychology 111 (4 decks)

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