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Psychology 111 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Simple stimulation of a sense organ (not aware)

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2
Q

Perception

A

Organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation

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3
Q

Synesthesia

A

Perceptual experience of one sense that is evoked by another sense

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4
Q

Transduction

A

when many sense in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to CNS; vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell

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5
Q

Psychophysics

A

Methods mesure strength of stimulus and observer’s sensitivity

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6
Q

Psychophysicists

A

measure minimum amount of a stumbles needed for detection

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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8
Q

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A

Minimum change in stimulus that can barely be detected

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9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

JND of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity

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10
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Response depends on person’s sensitivity to stimulus; individual perceptual sensitivity

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11
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation leads to decline over time as organism adapts

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12
Q

Multitasking

A

perception is active and resources are limited; We use selective perception to focus in on chosen stimuli in environment; involves paying attention to more than one stimulus at a time

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13
Q

Visual Acuity

A

ability to see in fine detail

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14
Q

Visible light

A

between 400 and 700 nanometers; purple to red

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15
Q

Properties of light waves

A
  • length=color
  • intensity/amplitude=brightness
  • purity=saturation/richness of the color
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16
Q

Retina

A
  • back of the eye
  • accomodation (process, eye maintains clear image)
  • rods and cones
  • layers of cells including bipolar and ganglion cells
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17
Q

Cornea

A
  • light passes through pupil

- iris contracts pupil depending on light

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18
Q

Lens

A
  • light waves pass through to the retina
  • nearsighted, image projected too close
  • farsighted, image projected too far
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19
Q

Rods

A

low level and low light; everywhere in retina but the forea pit

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20
Q

Cones

A

Color, shorter than rods; forea pit

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21
Q

Blind spot

A

location in visual field that produces no sensation in the retina bc area of the retina has no rods and cones

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22
Q

Color opponent system

A

Color afterimage

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23
Q

Color mixing

A

Additive- based on light; emitting white light

Subtractive- paints, absorbing every light wave (black)

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24
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) V1

A

part of occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex

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25
Ventral stream
temporal lobe
26
Dorsal stream
parietal lobe
27
Area V1
Neurons that respond to specific orientations of images
28
Receptive fields
region of sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron; on ad off center cells
29
Illusory conjunctions
occur when features such as color and have are combined incorrectly
30
Binding problem
How features are linked together so we see unified objects instead of free floating or miscombined features
31
Binding processes
Utilizes structures in the ventral and dorsal streams
32
Perceptual constancy
Even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent
33
Gestalt perceptual grouping rules
Simplicity, closure, continuity, similarity, proximity, and common fate
34
Grouping
Involves separating a figure from its background
35
Image based object recognition theory
Objects are stored as templates (directly compared to a viewed shape in retinal image)
36
Parts based object recognition theory
Brain deconstructs viewed objects into a collection of parts; geons: geometric elements combined to make objects
37
Monocular depth cues
Info about depth when viewed with only one eye; relative and familiar size, linear perspective, texture gradient, interposition, and relative height
38
Binocular disparity
the difference in the retinal images of the 2 eyes that provides info about depth
39
Color and motion perception
- Rely partially on opponent processing, which is why we fall prey to illusions such as color aftereffects and the waterfall illusion - to sense motion, the visual system must encode info about both space and time
40
Change blindness
when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene
41
Inattention blindness
failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention
42
Audition
Hearing involves detection of sound waves, pure tones and simple sound waves
43
Outer ear
collects sound waves
44
Middle ear
transmits vibrations
45
inner ear
transduction unto neural impulses
46
Place code
cochlea encodes different frequencies at different locations along the basilar membrane; low frequencies fire at apex, high frequencies fire at base
47
Temporal code
cochlea registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve
48
Area A1
portion of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex; 2 distinct streams, spacial and nonspacial
49
Spacial
stream in Area A1 "where" auditory features locate source of sound
50
Nonspacial
stream in area A1 "what" auditory features locate temporal aspects of a sound
51
Transduction involves...
cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells
52
Cochlea
fluid filled tube; organ of auditory transduction
53
Basilar membrane
structure in inner ear that undulates when vibrations from ossicles reach cochlear fluid
54
Hair cells
specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in basilar membrane
55
Conductive hearing loss
damage to eardrums or ossicles
56
Sensorineural hearing loss
damage to cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve
57
Hapticperception
somatosenses; active exploration of environment by touching and grasping objects with your hands
58
Touch receptors
- pressure - texture - pattern - vibration - thermoreceptors which respond to temperature
59
Touch...
Also has contralateral representation, cortical space allocation related to sensitivity, and "what"/"where" pathways
60
A delta fibers
quick, sharp pain
61
C fibers
long, dull pain
62
Referred pain
when sensory info from internal and external area converges on same nerve cells in the spiral cord
63
Gate Control Theory
Signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped or gated by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback (PAG) from two directions
64
Vestibular system
3 fluid filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to cochlea in inner ear; used with visual feedback to maintain balance
65
Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs)
receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell
66
Olfactory Bulb
Rain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes
67
Pheromones
Biochemical odorants emitted by other members of its species that can affect an animal's behavior or physiology
68
Object centered approach to smell
info about the identity of odor object is quickly accessed from memory
69
Valence centered approach to smell
emotional response comes first and provides basis for determining identity of odor
70
Primary responsibility of taste
identify things that are bad for you

Psychology 111 (4 decks)

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