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Psychology 111 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurons?

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks

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2
Q

What are Golgi-Stained Neurons?

A
  • highlights the appearance of neurons
  • Santiago Ramon y Cajal
  • nuerons don’t actually touch
  • different types of neurons
  • each neuron is composed of a body, dendrite, and axon
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3
Q

What is the cell body?

A

coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive

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4
Q

What is Dendrite?

A

receives information from other neurons and relates it to the cell body

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5
Q

What is the axon?

A

transmits information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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6
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

provides insulating layer of fatty material

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7
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Support cells found in the nervous system

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8
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between neurons

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9
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Receive information from the outside world and convey info to the brain via the spinal cord

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10
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

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11
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Connect sensory, motor, and other neurons

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12
Q

What is a Purkinje cell?

A

Neuron with elaborate treelike assemblage of dendrites

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13
Q

What is a Pyramidal cell?

A

Neuron with a triangular cell body and a single, long dendrite with may smaller dendrites

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14
Q

What is a Bipolar cell?

A

Neuron with only one dendrite and a single axon

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15
Q

Together, conduction and transmission are referred to as…

A

Electrochemical action

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16
Q

What is resting potential?

A

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane

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17
Q

What is action potential?

A

The electric signal that is conducted along a neuron’s axon to a synapse; threshold is reached, all or none

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18
Q

What are breaks in the myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier; the electric impulse jumps from node to node, speeding the conduction of info down the axon

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19
Q

What does Acetylcholine do (Ach) do?

A

Voluntary motor control

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20
Q

What does Dopamine (DA) do?

A

rewarding behaviors

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21
Q

What does Glutamate do?

A

Speeds up neural communication

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22
Q

What does GABA do?

A

Slows down neural communication

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23
Q

What does Norepinephrine (NE) do?

A

Influences mood and arousal

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24
Q

What does Serotonin (5-HT) do?

A

regulation of sleep and wakefulness

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25
Q

What doe Endorphins do?

A

Body’s natural pain killers

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26
Q

What are agonists?

A

Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter (L-dopa for dopamine)

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27
Q

What are antagonists?

A

Drugs or chemical in opposition of a neurotransmitter

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28
Q

The Nervous system is split into…

A

The Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems

29
Q

What is the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord

30
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

Connects CNS to body’s organs and muscles; Automatic and Somatic nervous systems

31
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System do?

A

Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

32
Q

What does the Automatic Nervous system do?

A

Conveys involuntary and automatic commands that control internal organs and glands; Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

33
Q

What does the Sympathetic nervous system do?

A

(arousing) action

34
Q

What does the Parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

(calm) at rest

35
Q

What is the Pain Withdrawal Reflex?

A

doesn’t require the brain’s input; reflexive activity controlled by the spinal cord

36
Q

What is the hindbrain?

A

Coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord and controls the basic functions of life; medulla, reticular formation

37
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Orientation movement, and attention; tegmenjtum and tectum

38
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

Highest level of brain; critical for complex, cognitive, emotional sensory, and motor functions; cerebral cortex, subcortical structures of the spinal cord

39
Q

Medulla

A

Respiration and heart rate

40
Q

Reticular formation

A

Wakefulness and arousal

41
Q

Cerebellum

A

Fine motor skills

42
Q

Pons

A

structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

43
Q

Tectum

A

orientation with sight and sound

44
Q

Tegmentum

A

Attention and arousal

45
Q

Thalamus

A

relays and filters into from the senses and transmits the info to the cerebral cortex, except for scent

46
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Body temperature, hunger, thirst, fight/flee, sex; works with pituitary gland

47
Q

Pituitary gland

A

“master” gland of the body’s hormone producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body

48
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Set up subcortical structures that directs intentional movements

49
Q

The limbic system consists of…

A

Hypothalamus, Amygdala, and Hippocampus; structures that involve motivation, emotion, learning, and memory

50
Q

Amygdala

A

Central role in many emotional processes, particularly formation of emotional memories

51
Q

Hippocampus

A

Critical for creating new memories and integrating them into network of knowledge so they can be stored in other parts of cerebral cortex

52
Q

Commissures corpus callosum

A

Thick band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of info across the hemispheres

53
Q

Occipital lobe

A

processes visual info

54
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Information and touch

55
Q

Temporal lobe

A

hearing and language

56
Q

frontal lobe

A

movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory and judgement

57
Q

Association areas

A

Neurons that help provide sense and meaning to info in cortex

58
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Activated when organism engages or observes another engage in that behavior

59
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Represents skin areas on contralateral surface of body

60
Q

Homonculus

A

rendering of the body in which each part is shown in proportion to show where the somatosensory cortex is devoted to

61
Q

Gene

A

Hereditary transmission; sections of DNA strands

62
Q

Chromosomes

A

Strands of DNA wound around each other in a double helix formation

63
Q

Heritability

A

Measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals accounted for by genetic factors

64
Q

Epigenetics

A

DNA, methylation, and histone modification play a key role in the long lasting effects of early life experiences

65
Q

Heritability is a…

A
  • abstract concept
  • population concept
  • dependent on the environment
  • not fate
66
Q

Broca and Wernicke provided some of the earliest evidence that…

A

There is a loss of specific brain functions when the brain is damaged

67
Q

Lateralization of two hemispheres…

A

Sperry: left=verbal, right=spatial

68
Q

Split brain studies

A

2 hemispheres perform different functions and can seamlessly work together if corpus callosum is intact

Psychology 111 (4 decks)

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