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Psychology 111 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurons?

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks

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2
Q

What are Golgi-Stained Neurons?

A
  • highlights the appearance of neurons
  • Santiago Ramon y Cajal
  • nuerons don’t actually touch
  • different types of neurons
  • each neuron is composed of a body, dendrite, and axon
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3
Q

What is the cell body?

A

coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive

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4
Q

What is Dendrite?

A

receives information from other neurons and relates it to the cell body

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5
Q

What is the axon?

A

transmits information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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6
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

provides insulating layer of fatty material

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7
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Support cells found in the nervous system

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8
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between neurons

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9
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Receive information from the outside world and convey info to the brain via the spinal cord

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10
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

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11
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Connect sensory, motor, and other neurons

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12
Q

What is a Purkinje cell?

A

Neuron with elaborate treelike assemblage of dendrites

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13
Q

What is a Pyramidal cell?

A

Neuron with a triangular cell body and a single, long dendrite with may smaller dendrites

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14
Q

What is a Bipolar cell?

A

Neuron with only one dendrite and a single axon

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15
Q

Together, conduction and transmission are referred to as…

A

Electrochemical action

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16
Q

What is resting potential?

A

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane

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17
Q

What is action potential?

A

The electric signal that is conducted along a neuron’s axon to a synapse; threshold is reached, all or none

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18
Q

What are breaks in the myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier; the electric impulse jumps from node to node, speeding the conduction of info down the axon

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19
Q

What does Acetylcholine do (Ach) do?

A

Voluntary motor control

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20
Q

What does Dopamine (DA) do?

A

rewarding behaviors

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21
Q

What does Glutamate do?

A

Speeds up neural communication

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22
Q

What does GABA do?

A

Slows down neural communication

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23
Q

What does Norepinephrine (NE) do?

A

Influences mood and arousal

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24
Q

What does Serotonin (5-HT) do?

A

regulation of sleep and wakefulness

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25
What doe Endorphins do?
Body's natural pain killers
26
What are agonists?
Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter (L-dopa for dopamine)
27
What are antagonists?
Drugs or chemical in opposition of a neurotransmitter
28
The Nervous system is split into...
The Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems
29
What is the CNS?
The brain and spinal cord
30
What does the PNS do?
Connects CNS to body's organs and muscles; Automatic and Somatic nervous systems
31
What does the Somatic Nervous System do?
Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
32
What does the Automatic Nervous system do?
Conveys involuntary and automatic commands that control internal organs and glands; Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
33
What does the Sympathetic nervous system do?
(arousing) action
34
What does the Parasympathetic nervous system do?
(calm) at rest
35
What is the Pain Withdrawal Reflex?
doesn't require the brain's input; reflexive activity controlled by the spinal cord
36
What is the hindbrain?
Coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord and controls the basic functions of life; medulla, reticular formation
37
What is the midbrain?
Orientation movement, and attention; tegmenjtum and tectum
38
What is the forebrain?
Highest level of brain; critical for complex, cognitive, emotional sensory, and motor functions; cerebral cortex, subcortical structures of the spinal cord
39
Medulla
Respiration and heart rate
40
Reticular formation
Wakefulness and arousal
41
Cerebellum
Fine motor skills
42
Pons
structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
43
Tectum
orientation with sight and sound
44
Tegmentum
Attention and arousal
45
Thalamus
relays and filters into from the senses and transmits the info to the cerebral cortex, except for scent
46
Hypothalamus
Body temperature, hunger, thirst, fight/flee, sex; works with pituitary gland
47
Pituitary gland
"master" gland of the body's hormone producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body
48
Basal Ganglia
Set up subcortical structures that directs intentional movements
49
The limbic system consists of...
Hypothalamus, Amygdala, and Hippocampus; structures that involve motivation, emotion, learning, and memory
50
Amygdala
Central role in many emotional processes, particularly formation of emotional memories
51
Hippocampus
Critical for creating new memories and integrating them into network of knowledge so they can be stored in other parts of cerebral cortex
52
Commissures corpus callosum
Thick band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of info across the hemispheres
53
Occipital lobe
processes visual info
54
Parietal lobe
Information and touch
55
Temporal lobe
hearing and language
56
frontal lobe
movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory and judgement
57
Association areas
Neurons that help provide sense and meaning to info in cortex
58
Mirror neurons
Activated when organism engages or observes another engage in that behavior
59
Somatosensory cortex
Represents skin areas on contralateral surface of body
60
Homonculus
rendering of the body in which each part is shown in proportion to show where the somatosensory cortex is devoted to
61
Gene
Hereditary transmission; sections of DNA strands
62
Chromosomes
Strands of DNA wound around each other in a double helix formation
63
Heritability
Measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals accounted for by genetic factors
64
Epigenetics
DNA, methylation, and histone modification play a key role in the long lasting effects of early life experiences
65
Heritability is a...
- abstract concept - population concept - dependent on the environment - not fate
66
Broca and Wernicke provided some of the earliest evidence that...
There is a loss of specific brain functions when the brain is damaged
67
Lateralization of two hemispheres...
Sperry: left=verbal, right=spatial
68
Split brain studies
2 hemispheres perform different functions and can seamlessly work together if corpus callosum is intact

Psychology 111 (4 decks)

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