Chapter 1

Question 1

How do you find total magnification?

Answer 1

Eye piece lens * objective lens

E.g.
1010=100
1020=200
10*40=400

Question 2

What is magnification?

Answer 2

Magnification is how large the image is compared to it’s actual size

Question 3

What is the definition resolution?

Answer 3

Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two separate points in an image.

Question 4

What does an iam triangle do?

Answer 4

An iam triangle can find the image size, actual size or magnification using equations.

Question 5

What is the role of the nucleus

Answer 5

Contains DNA in the form of chromosomes. Contains the genetic code.

Question 6

What is the role cytoplasm in a cell

Answer 6

This is where chemcial reactions take place

Question 7

What is the function of the cell membrane

Answer 7

Controls what enters and leaves the cells.

Question 8

What is function of the mitochondria is cells

Answer 8

This is the site of respiration.

Glucose + Oxyen –> Carbon dioxide + water vapour + ATP energy

Question 9

Function of the cellulose cell wall

Answer 9

This is outer layer of plant cells. It is made of cellulose. It gives the plant strength and support.

Question 10

Why are ribosomes needed in a cell?

Answer 10

Ribosomes are the site (location) where proteins are made.

Question 11

What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

Answer 11

Chloroplasts contain a green chemcial called chlorophyll. It traps sunlight energy which is needed for photosynthesis.

Question 12

What is a vacuole and what does it do

Answer 12

Filled with cell sap to keep the cell turgid

Question 13

What is a eukaryotic cell

Answer 13

A eukaryotic cell is a cell with 46 chromosomes in the nucleus.

Question 14

What is prokaryotic cell?

Answer 14

A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus (karyon), mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.

Question 15

What is a plasmid?

Answer 15

a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes,

typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan.

Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.

Question 16

What is the order of magnitude?

Answer 16

the forces between atoms on a polymer chain are about two orders of magnitude stronger than those between chains

Question 17

Nerve cell adaptions?

Answer 17

The sheath acts as an insulator - rather like the plastic coating of an electrical wire.

Neurones are adapted to their function by being long, so that they communicate with distant parts of the body.

They also have branched endings called dendrites.

Question 18

Muscle cell adaptions?

Answer 18

They are cells found in muscles in animals, they contract and relax together to move the organisms.

Their function is to contract to support and move the body.

They are adapted by two ways, First, Is that they are made of contractile filament to help in contraction.

Question 19

Sperm cell adaptions?

Answer 19

Long ‘finger-like’ process with very thin wall, which gives a large surface area.

The head contains genetic information and an enzyme to help penetrate the egg cell membrane.

The middle section is packed with mitochondria for energy.

The tail moves the sperm to the egg.

Question 20

Root hair cell adaptions?

Answer 20

Root hair cells are adapted for this by having a large surface area to speed up osmosis.

Question 21

What are xylem cells

Answer 21

xylem cells are the long tracheary elements that transport water. Tracheids and vessel elements are distinguished by their shape.

Question 22

What are phloem cells?

Answer 22

Phloem, also called bast, tissues in plants that conduct foods made in the leaves to all other parts of the plant.

Question 23

What is diffusion?

Answer 23

Diffusion is the movement of cells from a high concentration to low concentration.

Question 24

What is the rate of diffusion?

Answer 24

The rate of diffusion is increased when: The distance is decreased. The surface area is increased. The concentration difference (concentration gradient) is increased.

Question 25

What does dilute mean?

Answer 25

Where there is more water and less solution.

Question 26

What does concentrated mean?

Answer 26

Where there is less water and more solute.

Question 27

What is osmosis?

Answer 27

Osmosis is the movement of water particles from high to low concentration.

Question 28

What is a crenated cell

Answer 28

A process resulting from osmosis in which red blood cells, in a hypertonic solution, undergo shrinkage and acquire a notched or scalloped surface.

Question 29

What is a lysis cell

Answer 29

Lysis refers to the breaking down of the cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a “lysate”.

Question 30

What is plasmoysis

Answer 30

contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell.

Question 31

What is a turgid cell?

Answer 31

When the plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution , it takes up water by osmosis and starts to swell, but the cell wall prevents it from bursting. The plant cell is said to have become “turgid” i.e. swollen and hard.

Question 32

What is turgor pressure

Answer 32

Turgor pressure is the pressure of water pushing the plasma membrane against the cell wall of a plant cell.

Question 33

What is active transport?

Answer 33

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane in the direction opposite that of diffusion, that is, from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration.