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1
Q

What are the sub cellular structures of the eukaryoric animal cell

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

2
Q

What are the sub cellular structures of the eukaryotic animal cell

A
Nucleus 
Cell membrane 
Cell wall
Chloroplasts 
Mitochondria 
Vacuole 
Ribosomes
3
Q

What are the sub cellular structures of the prokaryotic bacteria cell

A

Chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes and flagella

4
Q

How are ciliated epithelial cells adapted to their function

A

The cilia are tiny hair like structures on the surface of the cell, the hairs sweep mucas and dust and bacteria up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed

5
Q

Adaptions of the specialized plant cells

A

Xylem cells are hollow so they can carry water and minerals to trunk from the Roots and altered cell walls so they can allow passage of one vessel to another

6
Q

Adaptions of the
Neuron cell
Red blood cell

A

Neuron cells are really long so they can communicate over long distances and have ends called dendrites which connect with other neurons
Red blood cells have no nucleus so they have more room to store haemoglobin, bioconcave shape to maximize oxygen absorption and they are flexible

7
Q

Examples of specialised animal cells

A

Neuron cell
Red blood cell
Sperm cell

8
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A
Has a nucleus 
Linear DNA 
Don't always have a cell wall
Found in all Kingdoms
E.g.- plant
Animals 
Fungi 
Ribosomes
9
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A
No nucleus
Found in kingdom monera
Single circular DNA 
Haploid 
Single celled organisms 
E.g. Algae, bacteria
10
Q

Why is bacteria prokaryotic?

A

It doesn’t have a membrane bound nucleus

11
Q

How is a sperms cell specialized cells adapted to its function

A
Acrosome (special enzymes to help break through cell membrane of egg)
Haploid nucleus (contains half number of chromosomes)
A tail for mobility and mitochondria- for respiration to release energy needed for its journey.
12
Q

How are egg cells specialized cells adapted to their functions

A

Haploid nucleus- half number of chromosomes, nutrients in cytoplasm and mitochondria needed for mitosis. A special cell membrane which only allows one sperm cell to enter.

13
Q

What have changes in microscopic technology allowed us to do

A

have enabled us to see cell structures
and organelles with more clarity and detail than in the past
and increased our understanding of the role of sub-cellular
structures

14
Q

Definition of resolution

A

The ability to distinguish two objects from eachother

15
Q

Electron microscope vs light microscope

A

Microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of the specimen. Has higher magnification and a greater resolution than a light microscope.
It can allow us of see much small objects in finer detail

16
Q

Formula triangle for magnification

A

I

A M

17
Q

Recall the quantitative units and to what powers they are

A

Milli- 10-3
Micro-10-6
Nano-10-9
Pico-10-12

18
Q

Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

A

As temperatures increase so does enzyme activity
37* is the optimum temperature (body temp)
To low or to high will denature enzyme

19
Q

Effect of ph on enzymes

A

Alter enzymes shape
Different enzymes work best in different ph values.
E.g.- stomach enzymes -ph 2
Intestinal enzymes- ph 7.5

20
Q

Effects of substrate concentration on enzyme activity

A

Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction. This is because more substrate molecules will be colliding with the enzymes therefore more product will be formed.

21
Q

What does an enzyme do and explain the lock and key model

A

An enzyme is a protein and biological catalyst.
The lock and key model is the idea of the active site- lock (enzyme) and the substrate- key fit perfectly together and specific enzymes can only be used with their functions. When they are denatured the active site changes shape so the substrate no longer fits.

22
Q

Calculation to find out the rate of enzyme activity

A

Rate of higher temp \ rate of lower temp

23
Q

Why are enzymes important for life processes

A

Allow reactions to happen a lot faster, without them reactions would occur to slowly to keep you alive

24
Q

Sub units from which carbohydrates, protein and lipids are formed

A

Sugars
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Glycerol

25
Q

How are substances transported by osmosis

A

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane- a form of passive transport. Water moves from high concentrations to low concentrations of water.
A low concentration of water is a high concentration of solutes.
Water will move from low concentrations of solutes to the higher concentrations of solutes (water tries to equalise)

26
Q

How are substances transported by diffusion

A

Diffusion is the process in which particles spread out and then move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Particles of a substance will move with the a concentration gradient until they are evenly spread e.g. Gas exchange in the lungs

27
Q

How are substances transported by active transport

A

Active transport is the process by which dissolved molecules move across a cell wall membrane from a lower to a higher concentration. In active transport, particles move against the concentration gradient therefore requires an input of energy from a cell.Typically atp energy.
E.g. Minerals through root hair cells in plants

28
Q

What’s an active site

A

An enzymes action and a region \ part of enzyme that bands to a protein or other substance during reaction.

29
Q

How to test foods for starch

A

A drop of Iodine into the substance and if turns a dark purple starch is present

30
Q

How to test foods for protein

A

Add drops of biurets solution and if it turns a purple then it has protein

31
Q

How to test food for simple sugars

A

Add Benedicts solution to tubes of food and place test tubes in a beaker of boiling water.

32
Q

How to calculate a percentage change

A

(end mass-start mass) / start mass x 100

33
Q

What is the practical for osmosis in potatoes

A

Cut equal sized pieces of potato, blot with tissue and weigh ( so water doesn’t effect the weight) Put the pieces into different concentrations of sucrose solution. Remove, blot with tissue paper and weigh again.