Chapter 2 Flashcards by Emily Bissett

Names and order of stages in mitosis

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe what happens in each stage of mitosis

Interphase- a cell has 2 versions of each chromosome, one from each parent- diploid
Prophase- each chromosome is copied to ensure each cell has a full genome, the chromosomes condense and nucleus disappears.
Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase- chromosomes move apart=chromatids. The two copies of each chromosome are pulled apart by spindle fibres.
Telophase- chromosomes move to different sides of the cell, the cell completely splits in two. There are now two cells, these are called daughter cells, each cell is genetically identical to eachother and to the original parent cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is mitosis for?

Growth, repair and asexual reproduciton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does mitosis produces genetically identical diploid cells

Cell copies its chromosomes then splits the copied chromosomes equally to make sure that each daughter cell has a full set

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the division of a cell by mitosis

The production of two daughter cells, each with identical sets of chromosomes in the nucleus to the parent cell, which results in the formation of two genetically diploid body cells,

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is cancer

A result of changes in cells that leads to to uncontrollable cell division

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do cancers grow

Sometimes cells in part of a multicellular organisms divide uncontrollably causing a lump ;The result is a large mass of cells called a tumor. If tumor cells successfully invade other tissues in the body the result is cancer.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How to describe growth in organisms

animals and plants

animals=cell division and differentiation

plants= elongation and differentiation in plants

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain the importance of cell differentiation in development of specialized cells

So animal cells can differentiate into specific / specialised cells for specific functions for the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of stem cells in plants and animals

Treat diseases
Replace cells
Grow limbs
Testing new drugs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Differences between embryonic and adult stem cells

Embryonic stem cells come from an undeveloped embryo and can develop into any type of cell, whereas adult stem cells are unspecialised cells that can develop into many (not all) types of cell.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of…
Embryonic stem cells
Stem cells in animals
Meristems in plants

Embryonic stem cells- can be developed into any cell, they can be used to make new brain cells for people with Parkinson
disease
Stem cells in animals-
Meristems- Divide to produce cells that increase height of plant, length of root or cells for leaves and flowers.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the 3 main parts of the brain

Cerebellum
Cerebral hemisphere
Medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the cerebellum do

Receives information from the sensory systems. It coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, speech etc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do both the cerebral hemisphere do

Right coordinates left and left coordinates the right.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of the medulla oblongata

Centre for respiration and circulation, it helps regulate breathing, digestion, Betsy and blood vessel function.
Sensory and motor neurons travel through the medulla

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can the difficulties of accessing brain tissue inside skull be overcome

Using CT scanning and PET scanning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Effects of spinal cord damage

Back pain
Pressure in neck or head or back
Weakness
Incoordination or paralysis in any part of body
Numbness
Tingling
Loss of sensation in hands fingers feet or toes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Effects of damage to different parts of the brain

Cerebellum- loss of ability to walk, coordinate fine movements, slurred speech and dizziness.

Cerebral hemispheres- if injury was sustained to the left side of the Brain the right side would be effected eg- paralysis of limbs

Medulla oblongata- stop swallowing, drooling and
Paralysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why can’t some types of spinal cord damage not be repaired fully

Some cells of the central nervous system are so specialized that they cannot divide and create new cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parts of the nervous system

Brain and spinal cords, and nerves (neurons)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does the nervous system detect stimuli

Receptors are located in the sense organs e.g. Ear eye and skin. Each organ has receptors sensitive to particular kinds of stimuli

List the main parts of the eye

Cornea
Lens
Iris
Retina

Explain how the cornea, lens, iris and retina are adapted to their functions

Cornea- convex and transparent. It refreacts light as if enters the eye
Lens- transparent, bi convex. It focuses light onto the retina
Iris- pigmented, eye colour is decided by iris. , Responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil (by muscle contraction) and thus the amount of light reaching the retina.
Retina- back of the eye containing 2 cells, a rod that’s sensitive to dim light and bw and cones that are sensitive to color. CONTAINS LIGHT RECEPTORS

Common eye defects

Cataracts Long/short sightedness Colour blindness

How are cataracts treated

Improved with sunglasses or , magnifying | Lenses. OR surgery can. Remove cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial lens

Recall the 5 steps of a human detecting a stimulus and how we react

Receptors detect stimulus Sensory neuron Carries message from receptor to CNS Central nervous system Motor neuron carries message from CNS to effector Effector (muscles& glands )

What's the first thing to detect a change/stimulus

Receptors- found in our sense organs

reflex arc

Reflex arc is automatic and doesn't require the brain therefore conserves energy and power e.g.- walking- reflex arc in foot

What is the structure of a neuron like

Dendrites (branched endings) connected to dendron and an axon and to end - an axon terminal

What is the coating on dendrons and axons called and what does it do

It's called a Myelin sheath and stops interference between neurons- insulator

What's a synapse and how does it work

It's the gap between neurons It works as an impulse causes a release of a neurotransmitter chemical, this chemical diffuses across the synapse and the chemical binds to receptors on the next neuron

What is a meristem

The area in plants where cell division (mitosis) occurs.

What does the sensory neuron do

Carry signals from receptors (organ which recognises and responds to stimuli) to the spinal cord and brain.

What does the relay neuron do

Carry messages from one part of the CNS to another.

What does the motor neuron do

Carry signals from the CNS to effectors (muscle reaction/action)

Function of dendrites

Branch like structures at the start of the neuron that receive electrical messages

Function of dendron

Nerve fibres that transmit nerve impulses towards the cell body

Function of axon

Long projection of a nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses away from the neurons body and Transmits information to different neurons muscles and glands

Axon terminal function

Releases the neurotransmitters over the synapse

What is cytokinesis

The final part of the cell cycle after mitosis in which the cell splits in two and new nuclei is formed

What is interphase

Active life of a cell during which the cell prepares for division in mitosis

What does it mean to differentiate

To specialise or adapt to a specific function.

What's a clone

An organism produced asexually so it has identical genes to its parents

What does totipotent mean

Describes embryonic stem cells as they can turn into any specialised cell

What does multipotent mean

Describe Stem cells in mammals as they can only turn into cells located where that cell is eg- if it's in tissue area it will turn into tissue celll

What's cytokinesis

Last stage of mitosis were the cytoplasm moved and the cell membrane pinches in=cleavage

What does haploid mean

Having half the normal number of chromosomes-23 chromosome

What does diploid mean

Having the normal number of chromosomes -46 chromosomes

What's a zygote

Cell formed when two gametes combine

How does a ct scan work

How does a PET scanner work

Explain DNA extraction experiment

Chop fruit up into tiny pieces Add salt and dertegent to fruit and stir, detergent helps break down cell membrane and sal helps make DNA stick together. Put beaker in water bath 60* for 15 mins. Add Iced ethanol and DNA should float to the surface as it separates from cells as a white stringy substance-removed by glass rod