Chapter 1

Question 1

autoregulation

Answer 1

cells, tissues, or organ systems can sense various environmental changes

Question 2

extrinsic regulation

Answer 2

nervous system or endocrine system can sense various environmental changes and send signals to cells, tissues, organs or organ systems causing activation of response mechanisms that adjust activity

Question 3

negative feedback

Answer 3

a way of counteracting a change

receptor, control center, effector

Question 4

positive feedback

Answer 4

initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the original change

Question 5

carbohydrates

Answer 5

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 6

monosaccharides contain

Answer 6

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 7

disaccharides contain

Answer 7

sucrose and lactose

Question 8

polysaccharides contain

Answer 8

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Question 9

amino acids contain

Answer 9

an amino group, a carboxyl group and an R group

Question 10

glycoproteins

Answer 10

large protein molecules with carbs attatched

Question 11

proteoglycans

Answer 11

large polysaccharides linked by polypeptide chains

Question 12

metabolism

Answer 12

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Question 13

catabolism

Answer 13

break down complex molecules

release energy

Question 14

anabolism

Answer 14

synthesis of new molecules uses energy

Question 15

cell membrane functions

Answer 15

physical isolation

regulation of exchange with the environment

Question 16

proteasomes

Answer 16

digest damaged or abnormal proteins

Question 17

peroxisomes

Answer 17

enzymatic breakdown of lipids and toxins

Question 18

lysosomes

Answer 18

vesicles with multiple types of digestive enzymes

Question 19

rough ER synthesizes

Answer 19

proteins

Question 20

involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

Answer 20

smooth ER

Question 21

packages and processes products of the RER and SER

Answer 21

golgi apparatus

Question 22

produce collagen

Answer 22

fibroblasts

Question 23

intracellular connections

Answer 23

tight junctions
gap junctions
desmosomes

Question 24

merocrine secretions

Answer 24

product released through exocytosis

Question 25

apocrine

Answer 25

involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm. | piece of cell pinches off

Question 26

holocrine

Answer 26

destroys the cell

Question 27

cutaneous membrane includes

Answer 27

epidermis and dermis

Question 28

which skin layer contains mostly adipose/

Answer 28

subcutaneous layer

Question 29

accessory structures in the integumentary system

Answer 29

hair follicles nails exocrine glands

Question 30

epidermis is attached to the dermis by

Answer 30

basal lamina

Question 31

langerhans cells

Answer 31

a cell in the immune system. respond to microorganisms when you get cut

Question 32

merkel cells

Answer 32

related to the sensory system

Question 33

dermis includes which layers

Answer 33

``` papillary layer (loose connective tissue) reticular layer (dense irregular tissue) ```

Question 34

which layer provides structural strength and elasticity to skin

Answer 34

dermis

Question 35

dilate for

Answer 35

heat loss

Question 36

constrict for

Answer 36

heat conservation

Question 37

steroid that is used to make calcitriol

Answer 37

Vitamin D3 cholecalciferol

Question 38

calcitriol

Answer 38

hormone that stimulates bone growth

Question 39

in which epidermal levels do we have stem cells?

Answer 39

stratum germinativum

Question 40

where do the epidermal cells begin to go through the transition of dying

Answer 40

stratum granulosom

Question 41

all cells dead in which cell layer

Answer 41

stratum cornermen

Question 42

___ in red blood cells provide color

Answer 42

hemoglobin

Question 43

cyanosis

Answer 43

hemoglobin with low oxygen levels

Question 44

hyperkeratosis

Answer 44

friction on the skin which causes the skin to work harder therefore thickening it

Question 45

club hair

Answer 45

hair no longer growing with age and changes in hormones

Question 46

which sweat glands cause body odor/

Answer 46

apocrine gland

Question 47

ceruminous

Answer 47

wax producing glands of ear canal

Question 48

sudoriferous

Answer 48

sweat glands | merocrine and apocrine

Question 49

where do merocrine glands secrete

Answer 49

directly onto skin surface

Question 50

where do apocrine glands secrete

Answer 50

hair follicles, arm pits, genital area

Question 51

sebum

Answer 51

waxy discharge onto hair or onto epidermal surface

Question 52

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 52

Increases blood calcium levels

Question 53

Calcitonin

Answer 53

Decreases blood calcium levels

Question 54

Osteopenia

Answer 54

Osteoblast activity declines with declining levels of sec hormones. Reduction in bone mass

Question 55

Osteoporosis

Answer 55

Loss of bone mass sufficient to comprise normal function

Question 56

Endochondral ossification

Answer 56

Bone replaces existing cartilage

Question 57

Intramembraneous ossification

Answer 57

Bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue