Nervous System

Question 1

sensory functions

Answer 1

receives incoming info from sensory receptors

Question 2

integrative function

Answer 2

interprets and processes information to determine appropriate response

Question 3

effector function

Answer 3

produces outgoing signals to initiate a response in muscles or glands

Question 4

central nervous system consists of the

Answer 4

brain and spinal cord

Question 5

the peripheral nervous system consists of

Answer 5

the neural tissue outside of the central nervous tissue

• peripheral nerves (cranial and spinal nerves)
• peripheral ganglia (sensory ganglia, autonomic nervous system ganglia)
• sensory organs of vision, hearing etc

Question 6

CNS functions

Answer 6

directs immediate responses to stimuli

• coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
• provides and interprets sensory info about external conditions
• reflexes
• memory learning intelligence

Question 7

_____ brings sensory info from receptors

Answer 7

afferent division

Question 8

_____ carries motor commands to effector

Answer 8

efferent division

Question 9

cells of the nervous system

Answer 9

• nerve cells

- neuroglia (glial cells)

Question 10

electrically active cells that process and conduct information in the form of electrical signals

Answer 10

nerve cells

Question 11

PNS: satellite cells, schwann cells
CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

Answer 11

neuroglia

Question 12

gray matter

Answer 12

Gray matter functions to integrate incoming information and to issue motor commands out to the peripheral division of the nervous system.

Question 13

The gray matter in the spinal cord is a

Answer 13

sensory and motor relay, or synapse area

Question 14

The corticospinal pathway begins in which area of the brain?

Answer 14

primary motor cortex

Question 15

In a(n) ________ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron.

Answer 15

monosynaptic

Question 16

In motor pathways, the only portion of the pathway that is outside of the CNS is the

Answer 16

axon of the lower motor neuron

Question 17

Place the following events of a reflex arc in the correct order: 1) motor neuron activation, 2) sensory neuron activation, 3) sensory receptor activation, 4) Information processing, 5) effector response.

Answer 17

3, 2, 4, 1, 5

Question 18

Commissural fibers

Answer 18

interconnect and allow communication between cerebral hemispheres.

Question 19

In order to take notes the primary motor cortex must receive input from the ________ first.

Answer 19

premotor cortex

Question 20

Which areas of the brain monitor and adjust activities of the motor pathways?

Answer 20

basal nuclei and cerebellum

Question 21

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

Answer 21

cerebellum

Question 22

PNS neuroglial cells

Answer 22

satellite cells, schwann cells

Question 23

CNS neuroglial cells

Answer 23

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

Question 24

surround and support both nerve cell bodies and processes

Answer 24

neuroglial cells

Question 25

posterior (dorsal) gray horns contains

Answer 25

somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

Question 26

anterior ventral gray horns deal with

Answer 26

somatic motor control

Question 27

lateral gray horns contain

Answer 27

visceral (ANS) motor neurons

Question 28

size of grey matter related to

Answer 28

size of body are innervated

Question 29

ascending white matter tracts

Answer 29

relay information from the spinal cord to the brain

Question 30

carry info from the brain to the spinal cord

Answer 30

descending tracts

Question 31

spinal nerves are a mixture of

Answer 31

sensory and motor fibers

Question 32

each spinal nerve receives sensory input from one

Answer 32

dermatome

Question 33

dermatomes

Answer 33

region of skin monitored by the sensory afferents of single spinal segment

Question 34

grey matter of brain stem and brain

Answer 34

processing and integration

Question 35

grey matter includes

Answer 35

``` cortex of cerebral hemispheres basal nuclei of cerebral hemispheres thalamus hypothalamus cortex of cerebellum ```

Question 36

highest level of processing in the

Answer 36

cortex of the cerebral hemisphere

Question 37

thalamus controls processing of

Answer 37

sensory information

Question 38

cortex of cerebellum in charge of

Answer 38

motor control

Question 39

white matter of brainstem and brain in charge of

Answer 39

transmitting information

Question 40

projection fibers

Answer 40

ascending and descending tracts o

Question 41

subarachnoid space filled with

Answer 41

cerebral spinal fluid

Question 42

basal nuclei of cerebral hemisphere in charge of

Answer 42

motor control

Question 43

association fibers

Answer 43

connect between areas on the same side of the CNS

Question 44

where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced?

Answer 44

in the ventricles

Question 45

interneurons

Answer 45

association neurons - located mostly within the CNS - interconnect among nerve cells

Question 46

electrically active cells that process and conduct information in the form of electrical signals

Answer 46

nerve cells (neurons)

Question 47

ganglia

Answer 47

collections of cell bodies outside of the CNS

Question 48

satellite cells

Answer 48

regulate chemical environment

Question 49

schwann cells

Answer 49

involved in axon myelination

Question 50

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia; regulate O2, CO2 nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

Answer 50

satellite cells

Question 51

surround all axons in PNS

Answer 51

schwann cells

Question 52

responsible for myelination of peripheral axons; participate in repair process after injury

Answer 52

schwann cells

Question 53

surround myelinated and unmyelinated CNS axons

Answer 53

oligodendrocytes

Question 54

largest and most numerous of glial cells

Answer 54

astrocytes

Question 55

structural support; scar tissue formation - regulate interstitial fluid components - blood brain barrier

Answer 55

astrocytes

Question 56

tight junctions between endothelial cells

Answer 56

blood brain barrier- restricts migration of cells and diffusion of molecules out of capillaries of brain

Question 57

tight junctions between ependymal cells

Answer 57

blood brain barrier- restricts diffusion of CSF out of ventricles

Question 58

microglia

Answer 58

phagocytic cells-remove debris, pathogens, etc.

Question 59

ependymal cells

Answer 59

line chambers within CNS produce CSF in choroid plexus regions circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Question 60

damage to nerve cell soma leads t o

Answer 60

cell death

Question 61

how is damage to nerve cell axon in CNS repaired?

Answer 61

- oligodendrocytes reabsorb myelin - astrocytes - growth inhibiting factors secreted by oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

Question 62

how is damage to nerve cell axon in PNS

Answer 62

schwann cell myelin pathway can regenerate axons and sensory dendrites

Question 63

bioelectricity

Answer 63

flow of ions

Question 64

diffusion

Answer 64

move from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration

Question 65

driving force for ion flow across the cell membrane

Answer 65

transmembrane potential

Question 66

extracellular fluid

Answer 66

higher concentration of Na+ ions, Cl- ions, and Ca2+ ions

Question 67

intracellular fluid

Answer 67

higher concentration of K+ ions and negatively charged proteins

Question 68

concentration gradients maintained by

Answer 68

active transport of sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into into cell (Na+/K+ ATPase exchange pump)

Question 69

gated ion channels

Answer 69

pathway for ion flow across the cell membrane | - gated channels open in response to various signals (stimuli)

Question 70

-ions flow across membrane by diffusion down their concentration gradient -

Answer 70

gated ion channels open

Question 71

flow of electrons | -force is an electrical gradient

Answer 71

electricity

Question 72

flow of ions | - force is chemical gradient and electrical gradient combined

Answer 72

bioelectricity

Question 73

local currents (graded potentials) transmit ____ signals over short distances

Answer 73

bioelectric

Question 74

_____ needed to transmit bioelectrical signals over long distances

Answer 74

action potentials

Question 75

action potential voltage channel that - open rapidly in response to depolarization -

Answer 75

sodium ion channel

Question 76

inactivate rapidly after opening and can not reopen until return to resting state

Answer 76

absolute refractory period-can not reopen

Question 77

- open slowly in response to depolarization | - close slowly after repolarization

Answer 77

potassium ion channel

Question 78

continuous propagation

Answer 78

unmyelinated axons | - propagation of action potential along entire membrane in series of small steps

Question 79

saltatory propagation

Answer 79

myelinated axons | - propagation of action potential from node to node, skipping internodal membrane

Question 80

type A fibers

Answer 80

largest diameter, myelinated, fastest

Question 81

type B fibers

Answer 81

small diameter, myelinated, moderate

Question 82

type C fibers

Answer 82

small diameter, unmyelinated, slowest

Question 83

excitatory post synaptic potential

Answer 83

- gated channel opens for Na+ ion channels | - depolarizing synaptic potential that promotes action potential initiation by bringing axon hillock closer to threshold

Question 84

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

Answer 84

gated channel opens for potassium or chloride ion channels | - hyperpolarizing synaptic potential that suppresses action potential intiation

Question 85

spacial summation

Answer 85

occurs when sources of stimulation arrive simultaneously, but at different locations

Question 86

temporal summation

Answer 86

occurs on a membrane that receives two depolarizing stimuli from the same source in rapid succession. -

Question 87

agonists

Answer 87

mimic effect of neurotransmitter

Question 88

antagonist

Answer 88

blocking agent

Question 89

spinal nerves include

Answer 89

anterior horn of spinal cord

Question 90

cranial nerves include

Answer 90

motor nuclei in brainstem

Question 91

motor control centers

Answer 91

motor area of cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum, brainstem centers, spinal cord

Question 92

reflex

Answer 92

direct sensory information to motor neuron

Question 93

neural reflex pathways involve

Answer 93

sensory input to CNS and motor neuron output to effectors

Question 94

divergence

Answer 94

neurotransmitter onto all neurons on which sensory neuron synapses

Question 95

convergence

Answer 95

motor neuron receives multiple inputs that determine AP frequency

Question 96

cerebral cortex plans and initiates muscle movements

Answer 96

voluntary reflex

Question 97

how does a reflex happen

Answer 97

- activation of sensory neuron | - AP in sensory neuron propagates into CNS (NT released onto all neurons on which sensory neuron synapses (divergence))

Question 98

sensory neuron in motor neuron out

Answer 98

reflex arc

Question 99

contract (excitatory) flexors and inhibit extensor

Answer 99

ipsilateral

Question 100

contract (excitatory) extensors inhibit flexors

Answer 100

contralateral

Question 101

all voluntary motor commands sent out by the

Answer 101

primary cortex

Question 102

premotor cortex

Answer 102

somatic motor association area - interpret incoming data and coordinate learned motor responses - speech center - eye field

Question 103

corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways

Answer 103

- provides skeletal muscle control via rapid direct pathway

Question 104

medial pathway

Answer 104

primarily control muscle tone and gross movement of the neck, trunk, and proximal limb muscles

Question 105

lateral pathway

Answer 105

muscle tone and precise movements of distal parts of the limbs