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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of body structures

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of body functions

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3
Q

Inspection

A

Simply looking at the body’s appearance

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4
Q

Palpation

A

Feeling a structure with the hands

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5
Q

Palp

A

Touch, feel

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6
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to the natural sounds made by the body

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7
Q

Auscult

A

Listen

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8
Q

Percussion

A

Tapping on the body, feeling for abnormal resistance, and listening to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities

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9
Q

Dissection

A

Carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationships

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10
Q

Cadaver

A

A dead human body, commonly used in dissection for the purpose of training students in anatomy

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11
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

The study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analysis evolutionary trends

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12
Q

Exploratory Surgery

A

Opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong and what can be done about it

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13
Q

Medical Imaging

A

Methods of viewing inside of the body without surgery

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14
Q

Radiology

A

The branch of medicine concerned with imaging, such as with X-rays

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15
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Structure that can be seen with the naked eye - whether by surface observation, radiology, or dissection

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16
Q

Histology (Microscopic Anatomy)

A

The study of normal tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials under a microscope

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17
Q

Histo

A

Tissue

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18
Q

Histopathology

A

The microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

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19
Q

Cytology

A

The study of the structure and function individual cells

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20
Q

Cyto

A

Cell

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21
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Focuses on the study of structures within cells

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22
Q

Comparative Physiology

A

The study of how biological processes vary in different animal species

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23
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Developed and improved compound microscope, described plant cell walls

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24
Q

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

A

Invented a simple microscope (200x) to look at fabrics

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25
Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann
Concluded that all organisms were composed of cells, which later became the first tenet of cell theory
26
Hypothesis
Educated speculation or possible answer to the question, must be (1) consistent with what is already known and (2) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence
27
Placebo
A substance with no significant physiological effect on the body
28
Theory
An explanatory statement of set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypothesis
29
Evolution
A change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over a period of time
30
Natural Selection
Some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors
31
Selection Pressures
Natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others, include things like climate, predators, disease, competition, and the availability of food
32
Adaptations
Features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment
33
Opposable
Thumbs can cross the palm to touch the fingertips
34
Bipedalism
Standing and walking on two legs
35
Homo sapiens
Modern human species
36
Organism
A single, complete individual
37
Organ System
A group of organs with a unique collective function
38
Organ
A structure composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it
39
Tissue
A mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function
40
Cell
The smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the basic functions of life
41
Organelle
A microscopic structure in a cell that carry out its individual functions
42
Molecule
A particle composed of at least two atoms
43
Atom
The smallest particles with unique chemical identities
44
Reductionism
The theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
45
Metabolism
Internal chemical reactions in a living organism
46
Excretion
The separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body
47
Stimuli
Changes in the environment, to which organisms respond
48
Differentiation
The transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task
49
Growth
An increase in size
50
Homeostasis
The body's ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions
51
Dynamic Equilibrium
Balanced change
52
Negative Feedback
A process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it
53
Receptor
A cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus
54
Integrating (Control) Center
A mechanism that processes change in the body
55
Effector
A molecule, cell, or organ that carries out a response to a stimulus
56
Positive Feedback
A self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction, for example, contractions during childbirth and formation of a blood clot
57
Charles Darwin
Best known for his theory of natural selection
58
Hypo
Below
59
Epi
Above
60
Endo
Within, inside
61
Di
Two
62
Plasma Membrane
The structure that encloses a cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell
63
Cell Theory
States that all organisms are composed of cells
64
Inductive Method
The process of drawing conclusions and making predictions from repeated observation
65
Law of Nature
A verbal or mathematical description of a predicable natural phenomenon
66
Peer Review
The method of evaluating results by the other experts in that field
67
Fact
Information that can independently verified by any trained person
68
Experimenter Bias
The term for the conscious or subconscious influence an experiment may have on the interpretation of their data
69
Gradient
A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another
70
Statistical Test
Provides a statement of probability that the experimental outcome was due to random variation

Anatomy and Physiology I (3 decks)

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