Chapter 1 Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
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The study, classification, and description of structures and organs of the body
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Anatomy
2
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Explains the processes and functions of the various structures and how they interrelate.
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Physiology
3
Q
Standing erect with the face and palms facing forward
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Anatomical position
4
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To face forward; the front of the body, the chest is located anterior to the spine.
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Anterior (or ventral)
5
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Toward the head. The brain is located in the cranial portion of the body.
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Cranial
6
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Toward the distal end of the body (truck). A__ anesthetic may be given.
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Caudal
7
Q
Toward the head, or above. The neck is ___ to the shoulders.
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Superior
8
Q
Lower, toward the feet, or below another. The foot is ___ to the ankle.
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Inferior
9
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Toward the midline. The sternum (breastbone) is located in the ____ portion of the chest.
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Medial
10
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Toward the side. The outer area o the leg, the area located on the side, is called ____.
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Lateral
11
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Nearest the origin of the structure; nearest the trunk. The elbow is ____ to the forearm.
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Proximal
12
Q
Farthest from the origin of the structure; farthest from the trunk. The fingers are ___ to the palm of the hand.
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Distal
13
Q
Nearer the surface. The kin of the arm is ___ to the muscles below it.
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Superficial
14
Q
Farther away from the body surface. The bone of the upper arm is deep to the muscles that surround and cover it.
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Deep
15
Q
Runs lengthwise from the front to the back. A ___ cut gives a right and left portion of the body. A ____ cut gives two equal halves.
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Sagittal plane
Midsagittal plane
16
Q
Divides the body into a ventral (front) section and a dorsal (back) section.
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Coronal (frontal) plane
17
Q
Cuts the body horizontal to the sagittal and frontal planes, dividing the body into caudal and cranial portions.
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Transverse pland
18
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Consists of the thoracic (or chest) cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity, which are separated by the diaphragm (a muscle directly beneath the lungs).
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Ventral cavity
19
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Contains heart and lungs
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Thoracic cavity
20
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Trachea, heart, blood vessels
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Mediastinum
21
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Contains lungs
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Pleural cavities
22
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Contains the stomach, the liver, the gallbladder, the spleen, the pancreas, the small intestine, and parts of the large intestine.
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Abdominal cavity
23
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Subdivision of the abdominal cavity and contains the lower portion of the large intestine (lower sigmoid colon, rectum), the urinary bladder, and the internal structures of the reproductive system.
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Pelvic cavity
24
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Composed of the cranial and spinal body cavities
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Dorsal cavity
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Contains the brain
Cranial cavity
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Contains the spinal cord
Spinal cavity
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9 abdominal regions are identified from right to left and from top to bottom
1. Right hypochondriac region- the right lobe of the liver and the gallbladder
2. Epigastric region-parts of the right and left lobes of the liver and a large portion of the stomach
3. Left hypochondriac region- a small portion of the stomach and large intestine
4. Right lumbar region- pars of the large and small intestine
5. Umbilical region- a portion of the the transverse colon and loops of the small intestine
6. Left lumbar region- additional loops of the small intestine and parts of the colon
7. Right iliac region- the cecum and parts of the small intestine
8. Hypogastic region- loops of he small intestine, the urinary bladder and the appendix
9. Left iliac region- portions of the colon and the small intestine
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Health professionals frequently divide the abdomen into four quadrants to describe the site of abdominopelvic pain or to locate an internal pathologic condition such as a tumor abscess. Horizontal and vertical lines passing through the umbilicus (navel) divide he abdomen into right and left upper quadrants and right and left lower quadrants.
Abdominopelvic quadrants
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The building blocks of protons, and neutrons that make up the atom
Quarks
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Is an organization many similar cells that act together to perform a common function. Cells are held together and are surrounded by varying amounts and types of gluelike, nonliving intercellular substances.
Tissue
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A group of several different kinds of issues arranged to perform a special function.
Organ
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An organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged to perform complex functions for the body.
System
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Differ greatly in size and shape. Despite their differences, all exhibit 5 unique characteristics of life: growth, metabolism, responsiveness, reproduction, and homeostasis.
Cell
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Is achieved when the body’s internal environment is relatively constant; his state is maintained naturally by adaptive responses that promote healthy survival.
Homeostasis
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Serves as the cell’s boundary; protein and carbohydrate molecules on outer surface of the plasma membrane perform various functions (e.g. serve as markers that identify cells of each individual or as receptor molecules for certain hormones)
Plasma membrane
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Found only within cells, is the internal living material of cells, it is a sticky, gel-like substance that contains approximately 70% water, as well as food, minerals, enzymes, and other specialized materials. Contains numerous organelles (tiny functioning structures) that help with the process of the cell.
Cytoplasm (aka protoplasm)
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Largest organelle within the cell, responsible or cell reproduction and control of the other organelles. Dictates protein synthesis, thereby playing as essential role in other cell activities, namely, active transport, metabolism, growth, and heredity. Surrounded by nuclear membrane, contains nucleoplasm, a refined form of cytoplasm, and the nucleolus, the largest structure in this. The nucleolus is critical in the formation of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleus
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Located throughout the cytoplasm lies a system of membranes, or canals. Functions as a miniature circulating system for the cell by carrying substances from one part of the cell to another. Two types: 1. Smooth, which is found in cells that deal with fatty substances, and (2) rough, which is found in cells that manufacture proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum
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Are tiny structures floating free int eh cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER. They are called protein factories because they produce enzymes and other proteins.
Ribosomes
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The powerhouses of the cells. They are bean shaped with a folded interior membrane. They take food and convert it to a complex energy form, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), for use by the cell. ATP supplies the energy for all activities.
Mitochondria
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Are small saclike structures containing enzymes that digest food compounds and microbes that have invaded the cell.
Lysosomes
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Is located near the nucleus. It is the “packaging plant” of the cell. It packages certain carbohydrate and protein compounds int globules. Then it moves outward through the cell membrane, whee it beaks open and releases the contents.
Golgi apparatus
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Are paired, rod-shaped organelles. During cell division (mitosis) they aid in the formation of he spindle, a structure necessary for cell reproduction.
Centrioles.
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Protein is a vital component of every cell in the body. Protein production relies on nucleic acids in the cell’s cytoplasm and nucleus. Two important nucleic acids are, (1) DNA, which is located only in the nucleus, and (2) ribonucleic acid (RNA), which is located the nucleus and cytoplasm. The DNA encodes a message for protein synthesis as RNA and sends the RNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where the protein is produced. For this reason, DNA is called the chemical blueprint, and RNA is called the chemical messenger.
Protein synthesis
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Alls cells in the body, except sex cells, reproduce by this, which is a type of somatic (pertaining to nonreproductive cells) cel division in which the original cell divides to form two daughter cells. Each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and the same characteristics (including the nucleus and cytoplasm).
Mitosis
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In the nucleus the chromosomes from two strands called chromatids. In the cytoplasm the centrioles from a network of spindle fibers.
1. Prophase
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The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, and the chromosomes are aligned across the center of the cell. The centrioles are at the opposite ends of the cell, and spindle fibers are attached to each chromatid.
2. Metaphase
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The chromosomes ae pulled to the opposite ends of the cell, and cell division begins.
3. Anaphase
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During this final phase of cell division, the two nuclei appear and the chromosomes disperse. At the end of the phase, two new daughter cells appear.
4. Telophase
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Involves chemical activity that allows the cell to admit larger molecules than would otherwise be possible, require the cell to expend energy, ATP. Process require cellular energy to move substances from a low concentration to a high concentration.
Active transport
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Do not require energy expenditure to move substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration.
Passive transport
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Active transport: the process that permits a cell to engulf (or surround) any foreign material and to digest it. The white blood cells in the huan body often perform this function.
Phagocytosis
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Active transport. The process by which extracellular fluid is taken into the cell. The cell membrane develops a saclike indentation filled with extracellular fluid and then closes around it and digest it.
Pinocytosis
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Active transport: the process of actively transporting sodium ions (Na+) out of cells and potassium ions (K+) into cells.
Sodium-potassium pump
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Active transport. Active calcium carriers in the membranes of muscle cells (for example) that allow the cells to force nearly all the intracellular calcium ions (Ca 2+) into special compartments or out of the cell entirely. This is importnt because a muscle cell cannot operate properly unless the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration is kept low during rest.
Calcium pump
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Passive transport. A process in which solid particles in a fluid move fro an area o higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, resulting in an even distribution o the particles in the fluid.
Diffusion
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Passive transport. The passage of water across a selectively permeable membrane, with the water molecules going from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution.
Osmosis
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Passive transport. The movement o water and particles through a membrane by force from either pressure or gravity. This membrane contains spaces that allow liquid to pass but are too small to be permeated by solid particles. Movement is from areas of greater pressure to areas of lesser pressure.
Filtration
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Are similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. 4 main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
Tissues
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Packed closely together and contain no blood vessels, covers outside of body and some internal structures. 4 types: simple squamous, stratified squamous, simple columnar, stratified transition.
Epithelial
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Functions of epithelial tissue
1. Protection: by covering the body and many of its organs. Epithelial tissue is a protective barrier against invasions.
2. Absorption: certain specialized epithelial cells can absorb material in the body (e.g. lining of small intestine can absorb digested nutrients)
3. Secretion: mucus is secreted in areas such as the respiratory and digestive tracts.
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Tissue. “Connects” or joins, tissues or structures of the body, and it supports and protects them. Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body. Important forms are loose fibrous (areolar), adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, bone, cartilage, blood, and hematopoietic tissue
Connective tissue
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Tissue. Composed of cells that contract in response to a essge from the bran or the spinal cord. 3 types are skeletal (striated, voluntary), cardiac (striated, involuntary) and visceral (smooth, involuntary)
Muscle tissue.
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Tissue. Allows rapid communication between the brain or spinal cord and body structures and allows control of body functions. Composed of two types of cells: neurons and glial cells.
Nervous tissue
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Are thin sheets of tissue that serve many functions of the body. They cover body surfaces, line and lubricate hollow organs, and protect and anchor organs and bones. The two major types of membranes are epithelial and connective tissue.
Membranes
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Usually are composed of a thin layer of epithelial cells with an underlying layer of connective tissue for strength. Divided into two subgroups: mucous membranes and serous membranes
Epithelial membranes
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Secrete mucus (a thick, slippery material), which keeps the membranes moist and soft and protects against bacterial invasion. Lines body surfaces that open the outside environment.
Mucous membranes
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Secrete a thin, watery fluid that prevents friction when organs rub against one another. Line the body surfaces that do not open to outside environment.
Serous membranes
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Are smooth and slick and secrete synovial fluid ( a thick, colorless lubricating fluid). Line the joint spaces and prevent friction between the ends of the bones, allowing free movement of the joints. Does not contain epithelial components.
Connective tissue membranes (synovial membranes)
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When several kinds of tissues are united to perform a more complex function than any tissue alone.
Organs
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Organs working together for the same general purpose. Perform a more complex function than any one organ can perform alone.
Organ systems
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Structural levels of organization
1. Atom
2. Molecules
3. Cells
4. Tissue
5. Organ
6. Organ system
7. Organism
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Plasma membrane surface proteins are essential for determining...
Tissue typing for organ transplant
