Exam 2

Question 1

Sequence of the process of stimulation of red blood cells

Answer 1

1. O2 delivered to tissues by RBC decreases
2. Trigger the kidneys to release a hormone, renal erythropoietic factor or erythropoietin
3. Erythropoietin is carried to the bone marrow, where it initiates development of mature RBCs
4. Increased number of RBCs allow more O2 to be delivered to tissues, thereby shuts off the signal to increase RBC production.

Question 2

The sequence of electrical conduction of the heart

Answer 2

1. SA Node
2. AV Node
3. Bundle of His
4. Right and left bundle branches
5. Purkinjie Fibers

Question 3

The sequence of blood circulation through the heart (include valves)

Answer 3

1. Superior and inferior vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle
5. Pulmonary semilunar valve
6. Pulmonary artery
7. Capillaries in the lungs
8. Pulmonary veins
9. Left atrium
10. Bicuspid valve
11. Left ventricle
12. Aortic semilunar valve
13. Aorta

Question 4

The sequence of blood flow through the respiratory system (include the events of O2 and CO2 exchange)

Answer 4

1. Right ventricle
2. Pulmonary semilunar valve
3. Pulmonary artery
4. Capillaries in lungs (CO2 and O2 exchange through the alveolus)
5. Pulmonary veins
6. Left atrium

Question 5

The sequence of the process of hemostasis( blood clotting) 9

Answer 5

1. Injury occurs, and blood vessel is damaged
2. Hemorrhage begins
3. Platelets are activated and clump at the site of damage
4. Thromboplastin, released from the platelets, reacts with calcium ions
5. In the presence of thromboplastin and calcium, prothrombin is converted to thrombin
6. Thrombin links with fibrinogen
7. Fibrinogen forms fibrin
8. Fibrin traps RBCs and platelets, forming a blood clot
9. The blood clot seals the damaged blood vessels

Question 6

The chief enzyme of gastric juice activated by HCL

Answer 6

Pepsin

Question 7

What replaces iron store for RBC production

Answer 7

Liver

Question 8

Know what enzyme is released by neutrophils

Answer 8

Lysozyme

Question 9

Know what the hearts ability to contract is called

Answer 9

Automaticity: ability to contract in a rhythmic pattern

Irritability: responds to a stimulus and beats

Question 10

What the process of shocking the arrhythmic heart is called

Answer 10

Electrical cardioversion

Question 11

The structures of the lungs that gas exchange occurs

Answer 11

Alveolus (pleural: alveoli)

Question 12

What is the opening between the vocal cords

Answer 12

Glottis

Question 13

Know the main function of the spleen

Answer 13

1. Serves as a reservoir for blood
2. It stores lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells
3. The WBC in the lining of the hollow cavities within the spleen engulfs and destroy foreign materials, as well as damaged RBC, that pass through the spleen
   It produces RBCs before birth (the spleen is believed to produce RBCs after birth only in cases of extreme hemolytic anemia

Question 14

Know the necessary factors that support erythropiesis

Answer 14

Erthropoiesis (the process of rbc production) depends on several factors, including healthy bone marrow and kidney function, and the presences of dietary substances such as iron, copper, and essential amino acids as well as certain vitamins, especially vitamin b12, folic acid, riboflavin (vit b2) and pyridoxine (vit b6)

Question 15

What vasodilator is released b basophils in allergy reaction?

Answer 15

Vasodilator histamine

Question 16

What is it called when the presence of excess bands in a blood test indicates severe infection?

Answer 16

Inflammatory response occuring, “left shift” “shift to the left”

Question 17

How do the kidneys behave during respiratory acidosis?

Answer 17

When there is too much acid in the body-acidosis- your kidneys try to excrete more acid into the urine and absorb more bicarbonate back into the body.

Question 18

Know what puts the end product of carbohydrate metabolism into the blood stream.

Answer 18

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis, enter into the kreb’s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP

Question 19

Know the process of phagocytosis

Answer 19

Engulfs and digest harmful substances

Question 20

Know the classification of white blood cells especially B and T cells.

Answer 20

2 types of leukocytes
    1. Granulocytes
          A. Neutrophils
          B. Eosinophils
          C. Basophils
     2. Agranulocyte
          A. Monocytes
          B. Lymphocytes
          1. B-lymphocytes
          2. T-lymphocytes

Question 21

Perform phagocytosis (engulf and digest harmful substance)

Answer 21

Neutrophils

Question 22

Perform phagocytosis and increase in allergic reactions

Answer 22

Eosinophils

Question 23

Perform phagocytosis and increase during inflammation

Answer 23

Basophils

Question 24

Aid in phagocytosis

Answer 24

Monocytes

Question 25

Synthesize and release antibodies formed by the lymph nodes. B and T cells

Answer 25

Lymphocytes

Question 26

Produce antibodies, a special protein that combats foreign invaders or antigens

Answer 26

B lymphocytes

Question 27

Work together with b-lymph to destroy the foreign antigen

Answer 27

T-lymphocytes

Question 28

Know where erythrocyte production occurs

Answer 28

Bone marrow

Question 29

Know the spleen and how much blood it stores.

Answer 29

1. Stores approximately 500ml or 1 pint of blood, which can be released during emergencies such as hemorrhage, in less than 60 seconds. 2. Hemolysis (destroying) of old or imperfect RBC

Question 30

Outer most layer of the heart. A two layered, serous membrane that covers the entire structure between the two thin membranes as a serous fluid that allows friction-free movement of the heart as it contracts and relaxes.

Answer 30

Pericardium

Question 31

Forms the bulk of the heart wall and is the thickest and strongest layer of the heart. It is composed of cardiac muscle tissue. Contraction of this tissue is responsible for pumping blood

Answer 31

Myocardium

Question 32

(Innermost layer) is composed of a thin layer of connective tissue. This structure lines the interior of the heart, the valves, and the larger vessels of the heart

Answer 32

Endocardium

Question 33

Located in the upper part of the right atrium, just beneath the opening of the superior vena cava. Because it regulates the heartbeat, it is known as the pacemaker

Answer 33

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

Question 34

Impulses are passed from the SA node. Which is located in the base of the right atrium. Slows impulses to allow the atrium to complete contraction and to allow the ventricles to fill.

Answer 34

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

Question 35

Impulse passed to this group of conduction fibers, which divides into right and left bundle branches

Answer 35

Bundle of his

Question 36

Surrounds the ventricles. The message travels rapidly through the ventricles and causes contractions, which empty the ventricles

Answer 36

Purkinje fibers

Question 37

Know what the heart sounds indicate (lubb-dubb)

Answer 37

The heart sounds, lub and dub, are produced by the closure of the valves. The first sound, lub (long duration and low pitch) is heard when the AV valves close. The second sound, dub (short duration, sharp sound) is heard when the semilunar valves close.

Question 38

Know the purpose of cilia in the respiratory system.

Answer 38

The trachea is lined with mucous membranes and tiny cilia (small, hairlike processes on the outer surfaces of small cells, which produce motion or current in a fluid) that sweep dust or debris upward toward the nasal cavity. Any large particles initiate the cough reflex, which aids in the evacuation of foreign material.

Question 39

Know what happens when O2 levels drop in the blood stream

Answer 39

Hypoxia (O2 deficiency in the cellular tissue)

Question 40

Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive way to monitor SaO2 (saturation of oxygen) for assessment of gas exchange. The system consists of a probe that looks like a large clothespin, which is clipped to a finger, a toe, and earlobe or the bridge of the nose. Range 90% to 100% is needed to replenish tissues adequately with oxygen, with 95% to 100% desired

Answer 40

The procedure to assess SaO2

Question 41

Refer to the volume of air that can be exhaled completely and slowly after a maximum inhalation (vital capcity). Total lung capacity is calculated to determine the volume of air in the lung after maximal inhalation.

Answer 41

Lung volume tests (Pulmonary function test)

Question 42

Is the largest amount of air that can be inhaled in one breath from the resting expiratory level.

Answer 42

Inspiratory capacity