Exam 4

Question 1

Normal visual acuity (clarity or sharpness) can see clearly at 20 feet.

Answer 1

20/20

Question 2

Low vision loss

Answer 2

20/70 to 20/200

Question 3

Legal blindness

Answer 3

20/200

Question 4

Can see at 20 feet what someone with normal sight see at 400 feet

Answer 4

20/400

Question 5

Can see at 20 feet what someone with bormal sight can see at 1200 feet

Answer 5

20/1200

Question 6

20/20 able to read line 11 of eye chart at a distance of 20 feet

Answer 6

Distant vision

Question 7

Able to read newspaper print at 14 inches

Answer 7

Near vision

Question 8

Side vision 90 degrees from central visual axis; upward 50 degrees; downward 70 degrees

Answer 8

Peripheral vision

Question 9

The eye is able to bend light rays so that the rays fall into the retina

Answer 9

Refraction

Question 10

The eye can focus on objects at various distances. It focuses the image of an object on the retina by changing the curvature of the lens

Answer 10

Accommodation

Question 11

The size of the pupil, which is controlled by the dilator and constrictor muscles of the iris, regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

Answer 11

Constriction

Question 12

Medial movement of both eyes allows light from an object to hit the same point on both

Answer 12

Convergence

Question 13

Refers to individuals with a maximum visual acuity of 20/200 with corrective eyewear and/or visual field sight capacity reduced to 20 degrees (the normal visual field range is 180 degrees)

Answer 13

Legal blindness

Question 14

Steps to assist blind person to walk in an unfamiliar environment

Answer 14

1. Walk slowly
2. Obtain verbal cues from walking companion, if present
3. Touch objects or borders with tip of cane to determine boundaries and obstructions

The walking companion should precede the patient by about 1 foot, w/ the patient’s hand on the companion’s elbow for security.

Describe surroundings if in new surrounding for the visually impaired.

Describe surroundings
Encourage pt to ask for verbal cues
Place hand nurses shoulder

Question 15

Consists of brain stem and spinal cord

Answer 15

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 16

All the nerves that lie outside the CNS

Answer 16

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 17

Sends messages to the CNS via sensory (afferent) neurons and from the CNS to the skeletal miscles via motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 17

Somatic nervous system

Question 18

Sends messages from the CNS to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and other glands. Also know as the involuntary nervous system.

Answer 18

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 19

Maintain internal homeostasis:

The “flight or fight” response. Heartbeat accelerates, blood pressure rises, and adrenal glands increase secretions

Answer 19

Sympathetic

Question 20

Maintain internal homeostasis

Calming of the body. Slows down the heartbeat, decreases blood pressure and adrenal hormone output.

Answer 20

Parasympathetic

Question 21

nose to brain

sense of smell

Answer 21

I. Olfactory nerve

Question 22

eye to brain

vision

Answer 22

II. Optic Nerve

Question 23

brain to eye muscles

eye movement

Answer 23

III. Oculomotor Nerve

Question 24

Brain to external eye muscles

Down and inward movement o eye

Answer 24

IV. Trochlear Nerve

Question 25

Sensation o face, scalp, and teeth; chewing movement

Answer 25

V. Trigeminal Nerve (Ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular)

Question 26

Brain to external eye muscles | Outward movement eye

Answer 26

VI. Abducens Nerve

Question 27

Taste buds to brain; from brain to eye muscles | Sense of taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue; facial expressions

Answer 27

VIII. Acoustic Nerve

Question 28

Throat and taste buds to brain; brain to throat muscles and salivary glands Sensation of throat, taste, swallowing movements, gag reflex, taste on 1/3 of tongue, secretion of saliva

Answer 28

IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Question 29

Throat, larynx and thoracic/abdominal cavities to brain; brain to muscles of throat and to organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities Sensations of throat, larynx, and thoracic/abdominal organs; swallowing, voice production, slowing of heartbeat, acceleration of peristalsis

Answer 29

X. Vagus Nerve

Question 30

Brain to certain shoulder and neck muscles Shoulder movements and turning movements of the head

Answer 30

XI. Spinal Accessory Nerve

Question 31

Brain to muscles of tongue Tongue movements

Answer 31

XII. Hypoglossal Nerve

Question 32

Is located in the brainstem, is a functional system essential for wakefulness, attention, concentration, and introspection (thinking)

Answer 32

RAS- Reticular Activating System

Question 33

Function controlled by RAS: the ability to interact with and interpret the environment

Answer 33

Awareness

Question 34

Awareness has 4 components

Answer 34

1. Orientation (ask orientation to person, place, time and purpose) 2. Memory (asses short term memory; don’t ask yes or no questions) 3. Calculation (ask a simple math problem) 4. Fundamentals of knowledge (ask who’s president, what’s on the news)

Question 35

Loss of brain weight, substantial loss of neurons (1% per yr after age 50), cortex loses cells faster than the brainstem, decline in interconnections of dendrites, reduction in cerebral blood flow, decrease in brain metabolism and oxygen, neurons may contain (senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, age pigment), older adults have an altered sleep to wakefulness ration, decrease ability to regulate body temperature, decrease in velocity of nerve impulses, and blood supply to the spinal cord is decreased, resulting in slower reflexes.

Answer 35

Effects of aging on the nervous system.

Question 36

The surgical removal of the eyeball. It takes 6 months for the wound to heal

Answer 36

Enucleation

Question 37

Between each neuron is a gap called the synapse, defined as the region surrounding the point of contact between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ, and across which nerve impulses are transmitted through the action of a neurotransmitter.

Answer 37

Transmission of synaptic impulses

Question 38

Neuron fiber (axons and dendrites) are covered with a white, way, fatty material. It increases the rate of transmission of impulses and protects and insulates the fibers

Answer 38

Myelin

Question 39

Arrange the parts of the eye rom exterior to interior

Answer 39

1. Eyebrows 2. Eyelashes 3. Eyelids 4. Lacrimal apparatus 5. Conjunctiva 6. Cornea 7. Sclera 8. Anterior chamber (aqueous humor) 9. Iris 10. Pupil 11. Lens 12. Suspensory ligaments 13. Ciliary body 14. Retina 15. Choroid 16. Optic disc 17. Central artery and vein 18. Optic Nerve

Question 40

In times of stress the sympathetic system takes over to prepare the body for “flight or flight”

Answer 40

Heartbeat accelerates Blood pressure rises Adrenal glands increase their secretions

Question 41

To calm the body, the parasympathetic system becomes dominant

Answer 41

Slowing the heartbeat Decreasing the blood pressure Decreasing adrenal hormone output

Question 42

Eye

Answer 42

``` Cornea Aqueous humor Iris Lens Retina Choroid ```